ALMA D'ARTE

Medical Terminology


ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

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10/17/2020

sensory System

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9/19/2020

Bones

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Overview of the 206 human Bones



Please look at the materials in the Canvas module for this week

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9/12/2020

Case Studies

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How a COurse of Action is Described


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9/7/2020

Deciphering what someone is talking about, exercises

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Practice


Practice

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8/25/2020

Review and QUiz Week

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What we have learned so far



Take the 10 question Kahoot Quiz below:



https://kahoot.it/challenge/01011341?challenge-id=7f531cb8-d29b-4bb1-a7b7-e1bd89f57ce3_1598846129407


Game pin:

​01011341

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8/22/2020

Article analysis strategies and respiratory system

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Article comparison


Here is a link to a good article from a reliable source that applies only some medical terminology, it is meant to be understood by the general population:

https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/popcorn-lung-vaping#diagnosis


​Here is a link to an article from a good source that applies more medical terminology and is a scientific research publication:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5641932/



Please reflect on how both forms of written communication matter:

Who is the audience?

How much time does the reader want to devote to the article?


How will the reader use the information?



​Below is an information page from the American Lung Association:
​
https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/e-cigarettes-vaping/lung-health


How are articles different from information pages?


How we abstract meaning from articles



There are scientific journals where research is published and there are news articles that tell us about the published research. 

Sources of news articles in science may come from:
Time Magazine, National Geographic, Science Daily, Scientific American, Science News, and many other forms of media.  

It is critical to look for reliable sources of information since there are many misleading articles out there.  The writer of a article could be misled or misinformed and not know that their sources are unreliable.  It is quite difficult to parse through the streams of information and find the truth, this is why it is good to check the references in articles and look for peer reviewed articles, then see what other information sources are saying.



How data is analyzed in science



​Some of the elements in statistical analysis:

Statistical analysis is the science of collecting data and uncovering patterns and trends, after collecting data you can analyze.


https://www.statisticshowto.com/statistical-analysis/#:~:text=Statistical%20analysis


​Null Hypothesis


(in a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, H0 is the commonly accepted fact; it is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis.


Hypothesis test has a null (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (H1)
​

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/null-hypothesis/
​

Chi Square
The Chi-Square Test gives a "p" value 
The chi-squared statistic is a single number that tells you how much difference exists between your observed counts and the counts you would expect if there were no relationship at all in the population.


P-Value
"p" is the probability the variables are independent.

https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/chi-square-test.html

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/chi-square/#:~:text=The%20chi%2Dsquared%20statistic%20is,on%20the%20chi%2Dsquare%20statistic.

Who writes articles and why



Scientific articles may be written by professional journalists and also active scientists such as students, researchers and professors.
This is media helps people in the field communicate new findings with other people in the field.  

Science Journals have many parts:

  • A title that is concise and descriptive
  • An abstract that gives you an idea of what the study is about
  • The introduction discusses what will be presented in the data and why the study is needed​
  • There are figures and tables that represent the data found
  • There is a section on methods, how the research was conducted
  • A section for the results that were found through the study
  • The discussion section talks about the thoughts that led to the research
  • A clear conclusion tells the audience what the results mean and how they contribute to the field of study or how the findings may be used
  • There might be a section with an index that defines terms
  • Conflict of interest section discussed who is funding the study and if the people involved in the study might have had a bias
  • Acknowledgements recognize sources of information and people that helped
  • The references tell readers where they can find more research and where the information for the article came from aside from the research methodology
​
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/11-steps-to-structuring-a-science-paper-editors-will-take


Funding for studies

It is common for scientific research to be funded by corporations so it helps to see who the researchers are getting paid by.  Research is supposed to be non-biased even when it is funded by a corporation. 

​Since the Bayh Dole act of 1980, it has been legal for corporations to fund research in universities and non profit organizations and then benefit from the technologies and patents that are developed.  The funding that is given to the universities and organizations from taxes may also be used to conduct research that will benefit private corporations.  It is possible for there to be a conflict of interest if one's university received funding from a corporation while it is legal for the public funding for the university to be used for the benefit of the corporation.  This Act is meant to help the developments that are found in universities be put to good use. If a university develops new technology but does not have the equipment to mass produce the technology, while a corporation does, the patent can be handed over to the corporation for use.  


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/bayh-dole.htm


Types of studies


Click on the terms to learn more:

Case study: looking at situations and finding parallels

Randomized Clinical Trail: people divided by chance into groups

Double blind study: In a single blind study, the participants in the clinical trial do not know if they are receiving the placebo or the real treatment. In a double-blind study, both the participants and the experimenters do not know which group got the placebo and which got the experimental treatment.


Meta Analysis: what other related research already exists
​
Things to consider:
​
Number of people in the Sample Group, the Sample Size

Number of trials: how many times the methods are repeated
​

How to find good sources



Strong sources:


The 
New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)

https://www.nejm.org/


American Academy of Family Physicians
​
https://www.aafp.org/home.html

CDC.gov
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html


https://www.livescience.com/
​
https://www.sciencenews.org/
​
American Lung Association or American Heart Association
​


Citation



Look up the latest citation guidelines, they change sometimes 

Picture
https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/mla-format/how-to-cite-a-journal-mla/


Respiratory system Terminology



Rhin/o Nose Rhinitis (inflammation of nose)
-plasty
Reconstruction Rhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)

Laryng/o Larynx
“voice box”* Laryngotomy, Laryngectomy (cutting into, surgically removing the larynx)

Trache/o Trachea
“windpipe” Tracheotomy, tracheostomy (temporary and permanent openings)

Bronch/o
Lung air passageways Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)

Pne/u, -pnea
Breath, air, lung Tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea (accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing)

​Pulmo/o Lung Pulmonary artery
-ptysis Spitting (coughing)
Hemoptysis (spitting or coughing up blood from lungs)



Picture
https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/26964-1-1-anatomy-and-physiology-of-respiratory-system/view
Picture

Click on this link for terminology:

https://nursecepts.com/medical-terminology-respiratory-system/


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8/14/2020

Medical Terminology through anatomy and physiology diagrams

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We will go system by system 



​It helps to connect what we are learning to what we are able to see, we will learn the words that apply to one system within the human body per week, I will also include some veterinary medicine. 

Many of the diagrams that we will use for class will be sent to your school email, they cannot be posted on this public website due to copyright protections.

We will begin with an overview of the entire human body to get a general idea and then look at each system in the coming months. 



Systems in the Human Body



Circulatory system: the heart, arteries and veins

Respiratory system: absorb oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Digestive system: absorbs nutrients and removes waste, the gastrointestinal tract which include the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines

Endocrine system: hormones

Integumentary system / Exocrine system: Skin, hair, nails, sweat

Immune system and lymphatic system: Defends you against pathogens

Muscular system: Enables the body to move using muscles

Nervous system: senses and processes information, nerves and the brain 

Renal system and Urinary system: kidneys filter blood to produce urine

Reproductive system: organs required for the production of offspring

Skeletal System: Bones maintain the structure of the body and its organs

​

circulatory system


Picture

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321695

​http://www.cancerindex.org/medterm/medtm8.htm
​

Picture

​https://nursecepts.com/medical-terminology-cardiovascular-system/


Respiratory System


Picture

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments/


DIgestive System


Picture

​https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/digestive-system


Endocrine System


Picture

https://www.hormone.org/what-is-endocrinology/the-endocrine-system


INTEGUMENTARY System


Picture
https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/body-scientific-international-post-it-anatomy-integumentary-system-chart-anatomy-muscular-systems-chart-11w-x-17-in-l/s02564
​


Immune and lymphatic system


Picture

https://www.lgdalliance.org/the-lymphatic-system/


muscular system


Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system


Nervous system


Picture

https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-the-Nervous-System.aspx



renal and urinary system


Picture

​https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/urinary-tract


Reproductive System


Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-reproductive-system



Skeletal System


Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-skeleton


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8/10/2020

Medical Terminology Syllabus

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The plan for the year 


August 3 to August 7
What is Medical Terminology? How has it developed and where is it used?

August 10 to August 14 
Word roots and etymology, methods of learning


August 17 to August 21
Medical Terminology through anatomy and physiology diagrams


August 24 to August 28
Focus on article analysis


August 31 to September 4
Online Quiz: everyday use words, medical terminology root words

September 7: Off

September 8 to September 11
Deciphering what someone is talking about, exercises 


September 14 to September 18
Case studies in medicine, how a course of action is described

September 21 to September 25
Bones


September 28 to October 2
Bones Continued

October 5 to October 9
Muscle System


October 12 to October 15
Terminology Practice Worksheet

School Break: October 16

October 19 to October 23
Systems and terms used to describe systems: Respiratory System 


October 26 to October 30    
Zombie Neuro Science Activity


November 2 to November 6
Systems and terms used to describe systems: Circulatory System


November 9 to November 13
Systems and terms used to describe systems: Nervous System


November 16 to November 20
Systems and terms used to describe systems: Digestive System


November 23 to November 27: Break

December 1 to December 4: Review

December 7 to December 11
Systems and terms used to describe systems: Integumentary System


December 14 to December 18: Discussion Circles

December 21 to January 5: Winter Break

January 7 to January 8: Review and Reconnect

January 11 to January 15:                         
Discussion circles, what have you learned about current events?


January 18: Off        

January 19 to January 22: Careers in Medicine

January 25 to January 29: Looking for scholarships, job skills

February 1 to February 5: Case study, Discussion

February 8 to February 12: Write a paper, how to structure writing

February 15: Off

February 16 to February 19: Paper writing and revising

February 22 to February 25: Peer Review of paper, (5 pages)

March 1 to March 5: Socratic Seminar

March 8 to March 12: Medical Abbreviations 

March 15 to March 19: Spanish Translations

March 22 to April 2: Spring Break

April 5 to April 9: Review

April 12 to April 16: Current event discussion

April 19 to 23: Community Health Education

April 26 to April 30: Community Health Project

May 3 to May 7 Exam

May 10 to May 14 College preparedness, college curriculum

May 17 to May 21 Being involved in our communities, how to look for opportunities


May 24 to May 27 discussion, presentations

​

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8/8/2020

root words

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WHere do root words come from?



Here is a list of prefixes to Review:


Beginnings of words:

About size:

Macro-------------- Big
Micro--------------  Small
Megalo or megaly--- very large

About location:

Peri-------- around
Trans------- across
Endo------- within or inside
Inter------- between
​Para--------along side

About color:

Chloro------ green
Leuk--------white
Eryth------- red
Cyan-------- blue


About problems:

Dys------not working correctly or normally
Mal------bad
Emia-----blood conditions
itis-------inflammation
osis----- condition or disease (usually non-inflammatory)
pathy----disease

General use:

hyper---- above normal
hypo----- below normal
tachy-----fast
brady-----slow

About tests and procedures:

Starts with:

echo---ultrasonic waves
electro---electricity

Ends with:

​ectomy----------------- removal of
gram--------------------picture
graph or graphy----------process of taking picture
otomy-------------------making a cut/ removing a part of
scopy--------------------use of instrument for viewing
stomy-------------------create an opening in
plasty-------------------modifying the shape of/repairing 



Root Words


veins and arteries---------------------vas or vasc
blood--------------------------------hem or hemo or sangu
blood vessels-------------------------angi or angio
veins--------------------------------ven or veno or phleb or phlebo
aorta--------------------------------aort
arteries------------------------------arteri or arterio

brain--------------------------------enceph/ ceph
nose--------------------------------rhino
eardrum-----------------------------tympan or myringo 
tooth--------------------------------odont of dento
skull--------------------------------crani
eye---------------------------------opthalm or oculo
ear---------------------------------oto
tongue------------------------------lingu
liver---------------------------------hepat or hepato
gallbladder--------------------------cholecyst
esophagus---------------------------esoph or esopha
large intestine-----------------------colo
stomach-----------------------------gastr or gastro
small intestine-----------------------lleo/duodeno/jejuno
muscles-----------------------------myo
shoulder----------------------------scapula
arm---------------------------------brachi or brachio
wrist--------------------------------carp or carpo
rib----------------------------------cost or cost
back---------------------------------dorso
bones-------------------------------oste or osteo
foot---------------------------------pod, or podo, or ped, or pedo
chest--------------------------------thorac or thoraco
lung---------------------------------pneumo or pleura
breast-------------------------------mamm or mammo
blood clot---------------------------thromb or thrombo
kindey------------------------------neph, nephr



Medical Terminology flashcards



​https://quizlet.com/516415388/dean-vaghn-all-350-medical-terminiology-flash-cards/
​

What do you think of this learning method?


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7/31/2020

Welcome to Medical Terminology 2020

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We will be learning online for the first 9 weeks 



Essential Questions:

What is medical terminology?

Where is medical terminology used?

Where do the words come from and how do we use them?

How does vocabulary help us connect and communicate within a field of study? 

​

What is it?



Medical terminology is used in the field of medicine, and clinical settings to describe the human body components, processes, illnesses, medical procedures, and pharmacology. 

Every field of study has a vocabulary that helps the people communicate and be more efficient. 


Knowledge of medical terminology is essential for many career options, it can also help us comprehend our own medical needs, and those of family and friends. 

Since medical terminology is used to describe anatomy and physiology, we will be learning both at the same time.



Etymology



The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history.



Language evolves as people more around the world and meet more forms of expression.


Medicine uses many Greek and Latin roots to help more people across the planet communicate and cross language barriers.



We will start by learning prefixes and suffixes

Medical Terminology words have a prefix (beginning) a root word (middle) and a suffix (end)



And then Root Words
​


Prefix examples


Hyper- high

Hypo- low

Intra- within

Inter- between

bi- two

hemi- half

di- two

tri- three, quad- four


Brady- slow

Tachy- fast


Peri- around

Trans- across

co, con- with

anti- against

ante- before or in front of

​post- after or behind


A few root words parts


Osteo- bone

Myo, Sacro- muscle

Neuro- nerve

Tympan- drum (eardrum)

Derm- skin

Angio- blood vessels

Phlebo- veins

​Cardio- heart

Gastro- stomach

​Pneumo- Lung
​
Rhino- nose

Oma- 

Neph- kidney (nephrons)

Opthalm- eye

Ear- Otto

Thrombosis- blood clot

Hepat- Liver

Mast, mam- breast

​Thoro- Chest

​enter- intestines

Suffix examples


itis- inflammation

osis- any condition of

emia- a condition related to blood

oma- tumor

​pathy- disease

ostomy- opening

gram- a written record

ism- a condition

ize- to subject to or to use

​oscopy- visual examination


Medical Terminology Examples


Bradycardia- slow heart

Tachycardia- fast heart

Hepatitis- inflammation of the liver

Nephrology- study of kidneys

Osteoporosis- any condition of having porous bones

Opthamologist- person who studies eyes

​Gastroenterology- study of stomach and intestines

​

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