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Medical Terminology


ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

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8/22/2020

Article analysis strategies and respiratory system

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Article comparison


Here is a link to a good article from a reliable source that applies only some medical terminology, it is meant to be understood by the general population:

https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/popcorn-lung-vaping#diagnosis


​Here is a link to an article from a good source that applies more medical terminology and is a scientific research publication:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5641932/



Please reflect on how both forms of written communication matter:

Who is the audience?

How much time does the reader want to devote to the article?


How will the reader use the information?



​Below is an information page from the American Lung Association:
​
https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/e-cigarettes-vaping/lung-health


How are articles different from information pages?


How we abstract meaning from articles



There are scientific journals where research is published and there are news articles that tell us about the published research. 

Sources of news articles in science may come from:
Time Magazine, National Geographic, Science Daily, Scientific American, Science News, and many other forms of media.  

It is critical to look for reliable sources of information since there are many misleading articles out there.  The writer of a article could be misled or misinformed and not know that their sources are unreliable.  It is quite difficult to parse through the streams of information and find the truth, this is why it is good to check the references in articles and look for peer reviewed articles, then see what other information sources are saying.



How data is analyzed in science



​Some of the elements in statistical analysis:

Statistical analysis is the science of collecting data and uncovering patterns and trends, after collecting data you can analyze.


https://www.statisticshowto.com/statistical-analysis/#:~:text=Statistical%20analysis


​Null Hypothesis


(in a statistical test) the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, H0 is the commonly accepted fact; it is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis.


Hypothesis test has a null (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (H1)
​

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/null-hypothesis/
​

Chi Square
The Chi-Square Test gives a "p" value 
The chi-squared statistic is a single number that tells you how much difference exists between your observed counts and the counts you would expect if there were no relationship at all in the population.


P-Value
"p" is the probability the variables are independent.

https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/chi-square-test.html

https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/chi-square/#:~:text=The%20chi%2Dsquared%20statistic%20is,on%20the%20chi%2Dsquare%20statistic.

Who writes articles and why



Scientific articles may be written by professional journalists and also active scientists such as students, researchers and professors.
This is media helps people in the field communicate new findings with other people in the field.  

Science Journals have many parts:

  • A title that is concise and descriptive
  • An abstract that gives you an idea of what the study is about
  • The introduction discusses what will be presented in the data and why the study is needed​
  • There are figures and tables that represent the data found
  • There is a section on methods, how the research was conducted
  • A section for the results that were found through the study
  • The discussion section talks about the thoughts that led to the research
  • A clear conclusion tells the audience what the results mean and how they contribute to the field of study or how the findings may be used
  • There might be a section with an index that defines terms
  • Conflict of interest section discussed who is funding the study and if the people involved in the study might have had a bias
  • Acknowledgements recognize sources of information and people that helped
  • The references tell readers where they can find more research and where the information for the article came from aside from the research methodology
​
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/11-steps-to-structuring-a-science-paper-editors-will-take


Funding for studies

It is common for scientific research to be funded by corporations so it helps to see who the researchers are getting paid by.  Research is supposed to be non-biased even when it is funded by a corporation. 

​Since the Bayh Dole act of 1980, it has been legal for corporations to fund research in universities and non profit organizations and then benefit from the technologies and patents that are developed.  The funding that is given to the universities and organizations from taxes may also be used to conduct research that will benefit private corporations.  It is possible for there to be a conflict of interest if one's university received funding from a corporation while it is legal for the public funding for the university to be used for the benefit of the corporation.  This Act is meant to help the developments that are found in universities be put to good use. If a university develops new technology but does not have the equipment to mass produce the technology, while a corporation does, the patent can be handed over to the corporation for use.  


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/bayh-dole.htm


Types of studies


Click on the terms to learn more:

Case study: looking at situations and finding parallels

Randomized Clinical Trail: people divided by chance into groups

Double blind study: In a single blind study, the participants in the clinical trial do not know if they are receiving the placebo or the real treatment. In a double-blind study, both the participants and the experimenters do not know which group got the placebo and which got the experimental treatment.


Meta Analysis: what other related research already exists
​
Things to consider:
​
Number of people in the Sample Group, the Sample Size

Number of trials: how many times the methods are repeated
​

How to find good sources



Strong sources:


The 
New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)

https://www.nejm.org/


American Academy of Family Physicians
​
https://www.aafp.org/home.html

CDC.gov
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html


https://www.livescience.com/
​
https://www.sciencenews.org/
​
American Lung Association or American Heart Association
​


Citation



Look up the latest citation guidelines, they change sometimes 

Picture
https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/mla-format/how-to-cite-a-journal-mla/


Respiratory system Terminology



Rhin/o Nose Rhinitis (inflammation of nose)
-plasty
Reconstruction Rhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)

Laryng/o Larynx
“voice box”* Laryngotomy, Laryngectomy (cutting into, surgically removing the larynx)

Trache/o Trachea
“windpipe” Tracheotomy, tracheostomy (temporary and permanent openings)

Bronch/o
Lung air passageways Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)

Pne/u, -pnea
Breath, air, lung Tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea (accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing)

​Pulmo/o Lung Pulmonary artery
-ptysis Spitting (coughing)
Hemoptysis (spitting or coughing up blood from lungs)



Picture
https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/26964-1-1-anatomy-and-physiology-of-respiratory-system/view
Picture

Click on this link for terminology:

https://nursecepts.com/medical-terminology-respiratory-system/


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