ALMA D'ARTE

botany class


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9/24/2020

Plant Nutrition and Light Needs

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Plant Life Requirements


NPK

Light Meter

Measures in units of  footcandle (fc) and lux (lx), indirect bright light means around 189 footcandles  

Blooming Poinsetta 

Light Requirement for POINSETTIAS 


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9/19/2020

Vascular Plants: Structure and Function

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How do trees work?


Picture
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-9-plant-biology/untitled/xylem-versus-phloem.html
​

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9/12/2020

Plant adaptation and change: Week 7

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Plant Adaptations


Annuals vs Perennials 
Picture

https://pediaa.com/difference-between-annual-and-perennial-plants/



Monocots vs Dicots

Picture

​https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-9-plant-biology/untitled-3/monocots-versus-dicots.html

Types of Plant Life

Xeriphates:  Plants such as cacti, that are adapted to an arid environment.

Mesophytes:  Plants adapted and survive in an environment with a moderate amount of water.

Hydrophytes:  Plants constantly exposed to water (aquatic plants).
​

Stomata



​The leaf of a plant serves several important functions. Leaves are the chief organs of photosynthesis, a process in which plants are capable of converting light energy into organic food. Most leaves are arranged on the stem in such a way as to receive maximum sunlight and cast minimum shadows on other leaves. Leaves are the major organs responsible for gas exchange between the plant and its surrounding atmosphere. The gases typically move through small openings in the leaf known as stomata or stomates. Water, in a vapor form, also passes through these openings, a process known as stomatal transpiration.

The stomata are openings in the epidermis surrounded by two specialized epidermal cells, the guard cells, which by changes in shape bring about the opening and closure of the pore. The guard cells are normally kidney-bean shaped cells that contain chloroplasts.


The stomata may be located on the upper leaf surface only, lower leaf surface only, or both the upper and lower leaf surfaces.
Number and distribution of stomata vary considerably if grown under different environmental conditions, such as in a dry field or a moist greenhouse. On the other hand, the sizes of stomata are fairly constant for species.

Monocots typically have approximately a 1:1 ratio of stomata on the upper and lower epidermis.

Stomata
     
Dicots typically have the greatest number of stomata
on the lower epidermis, with stomata often absent
on the upper epidermis.



Plant Self- Defense



Plant Evolution



Plants were first aquatic, then there were mosses 


Picture
https://quizlet.com/42722068/plant-evolution-flash-cards/
​

Picture
http://botanistbackyard.blogspot.com/2012/03/evolution-of-plants.html
​

Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/plant/plant/Evolution-and-paleobotany


Bryophytes : the non-vascular plants


Ferns


Gymnosperms and conifers


And then Angiosperms


How cacti adapt


Plant Communication


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9/7/2020

Plant Families Part Two, Week 6

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BRASSICAS, SOLANACEAE, FABACEAE, CUCURBITACEAE, APIACEAE



​Brassica


​formerly Cruciferae, the mustard family of flowering plants,  cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, kohlrabi, napa cabbage, turnip, and rutabaga, horseradish, radish, and white mustard.
​
Picture

​https://www.businessinsider.com/brassica-oleracea-broccoli-kale-brussels-sprouts-2017-5

Picture

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_30

Artificial Selection
​

A process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms. For example, the human may allow only organisms with the desired feature to reproduce or may provide more resources to the organisms with the desired feature.



Solanaceae
​

potato (Solanum tuberosum); eggplant (S. melongena); tomato (S. lycopersicum); peppers (various Capsicum species); tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica); belladonna (Atropa belladonna); the poisonous jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) and nightshades: britannica.com


Picture

​https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-diverse-variations
​

Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/plant/Solanaceae
​


Fabaceae

also called Leguminosae, pea family of flowering plants (angiosperms), about 20,000 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs and is worldwide in distribution,  soybeans, garden peas, peanuts, and alfalfa


Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/plant/Fabaceae


Cucurbitaceae
​
cucumbers, gourds, melons, squashes, and pumpkins, watermelon

​
Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/plant/Cucurbitaceae

Picture

https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/key-server
​


​Apiaceae

​also called Umbelliferae, parsley, carrot, celery, parsnip, and fennel, anise, dill, coriander, caraway, and cumin


Picture

https://www.britannica.com/plant/Apiaceae

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8/25/2020

Plant Families

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ASTERACEAE, ROSACEAE, IRIDACEAE, LAMIACEAE, AMARANTHACEAE



Plant taxonomy is how each plant is categorized into a phylogenetic tree, each species has a domain, kingdom, phylum, class, a family, a genus, and a unique species.

Picture

​https://carnivorousplantresource.com/carnivorous-plant-taxonomy/


Some plants make flowers and seeds and some do not


Picture

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4GeOqf0oLIeOGJtWHptUmxlalE/view


Picture
http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/01/systematics-and-taxonomy.html
​


We will start with familiar plants



ASTERACEAE

Picture

​https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/asteraceae

Picture

https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/South_African_Plant_Families/key/South%20African%20Plant%20Families/Media/Html/Asteraceae.htm



​ROSACEAE

Picture

http://drmgoeswild.com/top-50-plant-families-usa-style/

Picture

​https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/rosaceae


IRIDACEAE
​

Picture

​https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669016304897

Picture

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Iridaceae-flowers-A-Calydorea-campestris-B-C-crocoides-C-Cypella-fucata-D-C_fig1_271217809


LAMIACEAE
​

Picture

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Some-medicinally-important-species-of-family-Lamiaceae-A-C-forskohlii-B-Elsholtzia_fig2_236328930


Picture

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/angiosperm/dicotyledons/lamiaceae-characters-distribution-and-types/48447



​AMARANTHACEAE

Picture
Picture

https://www.foragingtexas.com/2008/08/amarath_20.html

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8/22/2020

The importance of plants and insects

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WHy are plants connected to insects?



When we think about plants it is vital to also think about insects and their relationships with plants.  Some insects eat plants while some eat the insects that eat plants. 


As we learn how the different species coexist we can learn what environment to foster within our garden. 

​Some plants attract pollinators and can strengthen our gardening efforts.

The word etymology derives from the Greek word ἐτυμολογία (etumología), itself from ἔτυμον (étumon), meaning "true sense or sense of a truth", and the suffix -logia, denoting "the study of".
​
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology

Etymology of the word entomology
​
Ento-

ology- The study of


Why we need plants


​
Plants are important for the planet and for all living things.
​

Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen from their leaves, which humans and other animals need to breathe.
Living things need plants to live - they eat them and live in them.
Plants help to clean water too.


Beneficial Insects



When plants eat insects


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8/14/2020

Flower parts and Seed Production

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FLower to Fruit to Seed



Plants that have flowers are called angiosperms


Picture

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dissect-a-flower/

​

​Lets have a flower dissection!


Flower Parts



Petals:
attract pollinating insects such as bees, butterflies, birds and bats to the flowers. Such creatures aid in fertilization


Sepals: 
look like small leaves, they protect the flower before it blooms and help maintain the structure by keeping the flower in place


Peduncle:
The stem that holds the flower up, the stalk, the flower is at the top of the peduncle

Receptacle:
the thicker area at the bottom of the flower that holds its organs
​
Picture

https://quizlet.com/361421030/flowers-flash-cards/

Carpel or Pistil:
female part of the plant, located at the center of the bloom, contains the stigma, style and ovary.
​
Ovary: 
located at the base of the flower and has seeds inside known as ovules that turn into fruit.


Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/pistil


Style: 
the long stalk that supports the stigma.

Stigma: 
located at the tip of the pistil, the part of the flower that's sticky and collects pollen, pollen initiates fertilization so that seeds can be created.


Picture

https://webprojects.oit.ncsu.edu/project/bio183de/Lab/development1_lab/development3H.html

There are many types of stigma:
​

Picture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)



​Stamen:

the male part of a flower, produces male reproductive cells, located on both sides of the pistil. 

Stamen has two parts:

Anther:
the head of the stamen, produces pollen.

Filament:
the stalk attached to the flower that holds the anther.

When pollinating insects, such as bees and butterflies, go to the flower for pollen, they also visit the stigma and fertilize the flower.

​
Picture

http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/Rice/reproduction/flower/flower.html
​


Plant reproduction



summary


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8/10/2020

Botany Syllabus

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The plan for the year in botany


August 3 to August 7
What is Botany? How has it developed and how do we use the knowledge?


August 10 to August 14 
Plant Parts

August 17 to August 21
Flower part and word etymology 


August 24 to August 28
The importance of plants and insects


August 31 to September 4
Plant Families:  Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae

September 8 to September 11
Plant Families: Brassicas, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae


September 14 to September 18
Plant adaptation and change


September 21 to September 25
Vascular plants, plant structure and function


September 28 to October 2
Plant nutrition and light needs


October 5 to October 9
Types of seeds


October 12 to October 15
Vermiculture


School Break: October 16

October 19 to October 23
More plant parts: tubers, runners, corms, seed pods


October 26 to October 30    
Plant propagation, pollen formation 


November 2 to November 6
Starting seeds


November 9 to November 13
Growing environments


November 16 to November 20
Garden design, vermiculture


November 23 to November 27: Break

December 1 to December 4
Beneficial insects and pests


December 7 to December 11
Exam and review


December 14 to December 18
Discussion Circles, ways to build community


December 21 to January 5: Winter Break

January 7 to January 8
Ways to use plants: medicinal, protein, preserves, milk replacement


January 11 to January 15:                         
Ways to use plants: plant proteins, flour, sugars, starches

January 18: Off        

January 19 to January 22                                        
Plant Scientists and Explorers


January 25 to January 29                                    
Medicinal Research in Plants


February 1 to February 5                                        
Careers in plant science


February 8 to February 12                                    
Community garden discussion


February 15: Off

February 16 to February 19                                        
Ways plants bring health: shade and oxygen


February 22 to February 25                                    
Xeriscape plants

March 1 to March 5                                            
Where food currently comes from


March 8 to March 12                                         
Outsourcing and export economies 


March 15 to March 19                                        
The value of a local food shed

March 22 to April 2: Spring Break

April 5 to April 9                                         
Herbicides and pesticides


April 12 to April 16                                        
Current event discussion

April 19 to 23                                                
Forest and Brush Fires


April 26 to April 30                                        
Funding school and community gardens, grant writing


May 3 to May 7 Exam

May 10 to May 14                                         
College preparedness, plant biology college curriculum


May 17 to May 21                                             
Being involved in our communities, how to look for opportunities


May 24 to May 27 
Discussion and review, presentations

​

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8/8/2020

Plant Parts

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Botany Parts


Picture

​https://www.sciencefacts.net/parts-of-a-plant.html
​

Nodes and internodes



Bud is the place for new growth, node is where leaves come out, internode is the stem between the leaves:
​

Picture

​http://moodle.clsd.k12.pa.us/district_videos/biology/itext/products/0-13-115540-7/ch23/ch23_s3_1.html
​


​Some plants have aerial roots that come out of their nodes:

Picture

​https://xylemrising.com/2019/03/25/time-for-a-trim/


Parts of a flower



Next week we will go over this in more depth

Picture

https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Plant-Structure-The-Parts-of-a-Plant-and-Flower


Root systems



​Types of root structures

Picture

​http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-details/?irn=1625
​

Bulbs
look like onions, they have an area for growth at the top and roots growing from the bottom.  Examples of bulb plants: daffodils and tulips.

Picture

https://www.howbertandmays.ie/forum/how-plant-flower-bulb?dyg=1



Corms
look like bulbs but they have growth from the bottom, it is called a basal plate.
Examples include: 
Gladiolus, crocus, and crocosmia

​
Picture
http://www.houseplantsguru.com/how-to-store-bulbous-plants

Rhizomes
are horizontal underground stems which puts out lateral shoots, new plants grow from the root system. Examples: asparagus, ginger, irises, lily of the valley, cannas, turmeric, and sympodial orchids.

Picture
https://irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-prop-glossary/07-geophytes/02-othergeophytes/07-geophytes-rhizome.html

Tubers
have eyes, they are a thickened underground part of a stem or rhizome that can grow at many points, we call those points eyes, the potato is a classic example, there are many flowers that have tubers including the cyclamen, caladium, dahlia, daylily, and peony.
​

Picture

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/bulbs/bgen/what-is-a-tuber.htm
​

Stolons
Some plants reproduce by spreading stolons, strawberry is an example
​
Picture
https://mygardenguide.com/botany/what-are-stolons/

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7/31/2020

2020 Botany Class, Welcome

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We will be online for the first 9 weeks


Essential questions:

What do we learn in botany?

How do we use it?

How do botanists classify plants?

How do plants work?

How can knowledge of plants help us build community?



WHat do we learn in botany?



In this class we learn about the classification of plants, every field of study has a vocabulary that helps people talk about what they are doing and what they see.  

Botany is the study of plants and how they contribute to the ecosystem, the environment, and the biodiversity of their community.



Taxonomy



Taxonomy is how we classify organisms, if we want to buy a packet of seeds it is important to know what to buy or how to look for the seed.  Each plant has a species name and the way their name is organized is called taxonomy.

Plants are classified according to whether or not they have seed, the types of root structures, the way they grow and what they produce. 

Mosses and ferns grow from spores instead of from seed

Rhizomes and tubers are a form of asexual reproduction

Angiosperms have flowers

Gymnosperms do not have flowers, they have exposed seed instead of fruit

Monocotyledons have parallel veins and petals in groups of three

​Dicotyledons have veined leaves and petals in groups of four or five

Vascular plants have xylem and phloem to carry water and sugars

Non-vascular plants are much smaller, no vessels to carry resources.

​

Invasive Plants



​Some plants are very good at growing and outcompeting everything else, we call these plants invasive. 

​Kudzu vine is an example of an invasive species.
​
Picture

​https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/problem-plant-control/invasive-plants/kudzu-control
​

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