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12/10/2019

Gymnosperms

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Types of GYMNOSPERMS 



​Angiosperms produce flower

Gymnosperms have odd seed container such as pine cones

Conifers
​

Around 550 species of conifer trees exist worldwide and make up the largest group of gymnosperms. Conifers may be evergreen or deciduous
Examples of evergreen conifers include:

  • pines (Pinus spp.)
  • firs (Abies spp.)
  • cedars (Cedrus spp.)
  • spruces (Picea spp.)
  • junipers (Juniperus)
  • hemlocks (Tsuga spp.)
  • yews (Taxus spp.).

Their cones may be hard and dry, such as with pine and spruce trees, or fleshy, like with junipers.

Some conifers lose their needles or scaly leaves in winter:
​
  • larches (Larix spp.)
  • cypresses (Taxodium spp.).

Conifers tend to inhabit colder and drier habitats around the world.

Pines
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Picture
https://www.britannica.com/plant/pine
​


​Fir

Picture
Picture
https://www.fast-growing-trees.com/products/douglas-fir-tree
http://intellectualhomes.com/product/fresh-cut-fraser-fir-trees/

Cedar
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Picture
Picture
https://www.naturehills.com/cedar-deodar
http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Edible_Plants

Spruces

Picture
Picture
https://www.britannica.com/plant/spruce
https://www.thetreecenter.com/baby-blue-spruce/

​Junipers

Picture
Picture
https://plantsbymail.com/shop/spartan-juniper/
https://www.naturehills.com/spartan-juniper

​Hemlocks

Picture
Picture
Picture
https://www.brighterblooms.com/products/
https://www.thoughtco.com
https://www.independenttree

Yew
​

Picture
Picture
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/
https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/17622

deciduous conifers



Larches
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Picture
Picture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudolarix
https://travaldo.blogspot.com/
Picture
https://www.ebben.nl/en/treeebb/psamabil-pseudolarix-amabilis/

Cypress
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Picture
Picture
https://tlcgarden.com/bald-cypress/
https://www.naturehills.com/bald-cypress

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12/6/2019

Plant Chemistry

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Plants adapt through chemical signals


The three key pigments in photosynthesis: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-carotene, to absorb darker frequencies of light a plant may produce more pigments that absorb dimmer light and become darker or appear red.

Picture
Picture
https://students.ga.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/1798/12577/photosynthesis6.html
Picture
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/the-light-dependent-reactions-of-photosynthesis/a/light-and-photosynthetic-pigments

Plant Hormones



​Auxin hormones help plants detect light, however, auxins are toxic to plants in large concentrations; they are most toxic to dicots and less so to monocots.

​Auxins are used to produce seedless fruit.

S
ynthetic auxin herbicides, including 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, have been developed and used for weed control, 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin.

The defoliant Agent Orange, used extensively by British forces in the Malayan Emergency and American forces in the Vietnam War, was a mix of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The compound 2,4-D is still in use and is thought to be safe, but 2,4,5-T was more or less banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1979. The dioxin TCDD is an unavoidable contaminant produced in the manufacture of 2,4,5-T. As a result of the integral dioxin contamination, 2,4,5-T has been implicated in leukemia, miscarriages, birth defects, liver damage, and other diseases.

​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin



Seedless Fruit





Talking to Plants


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