Week of August 20 to August 24: Mitosis, Meiosis

Mit​osis is: a Process of cell division

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a type of cell division that results in two cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

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Vocabulary:

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pg 147

Gene:  A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein

Gene Expression: The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins.

Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype: the physical qualities of an organism including observable or not observable traits

Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences.  

mitosis

Interphase:

• Each chromosome replicates in interphase
• Resulting in two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. 
• Chromosomes are loosely gathered in the nucleus 

Prophase:

• Replicated chromosomes begin to coil up
• The nuclear membrane begins to disassemble
• Protein fibers of the mitotic spindle begin to form

Prometaphase:

• chromosomes condense (shorten) so they are easier to separate
• spindle fibers attach to chromosomes on both sides at the centromere region

Metaphase:

• ​spindle fibers from opposite ends of the cell pull on chromosomes
• chromosomes are aligned along the middle of the cell

Anaphase:

• spindle fiber shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase:

• an identical set of chromosomes reaches each pole
• spindle fiber dissemble
• nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes forming the daughter cell nuclei

Interphase:

• two identical daughter cells are formed, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell 

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cell division vocabulary

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Transcription: The first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger mRNA from the instruction encoded within the genes

Translation: The second stage of gene expression reads mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make a protein

Messenger mRNA: the RNA copy on an original DNA sequence made during transcription

RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription.  RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA

Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation 

Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amin acid 

Anticodon: The part of tRNA molecue that binds to complementary mRNA codon 

Transfer RNA (tRNA): A type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation

Genetic Code: The particular amino acids specified by particular mRNA codons

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EVery Gene Has two parts

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Regulatory Sequence: the part of a gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein produced.

Coding Sequence: The part of the gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein,  Coding sequences determine the identity, shape and function of proteins. 

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patterns in cell DIVISION: Fibonacci numbers

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Review of cell division vocabulary

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Cell Division: the process by which a cell reproduces itself; it is normal and essential for growth and healing of tissues

Mitosis: the segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division

Sister Chromatid: one or more identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication

Centromere: the specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined

​Cytokiness: the physical division of a cell into two daughter cells

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meiosis

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Meiosis: A specialized type of cell division that generates unique haploid gametes. Generates sex cells.

Gamete: specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome, sperm are male gametes, egg are female gametes 

Haploid: having only one copy of every chromosome

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Cancer

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Cancer: unregulated cell division; cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in some instances forming a tumor

Chemotherapy: the treatment of cancer by the use of chemicals

Most healthcare professionals now support the use of herbal medicine as a supplement to treatment, herbs and foods with high Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and antioxidant content may help with treatment.​

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Draw it out

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