Week of 12/03 to 12/07: Ocean Biology

12/4/2018

Week of 12/03 to 12/07: Ocean Biology

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Ocean biology

ocean plants

Kelp: Grows in cold coastal waters. It is the largest marine plant in the world and can reach up to 250 feet. Kelp is also the fastest-growing plant in the world. Kelp is typically brown and lives on the surface of the ocean.
Seaweed: Phytoplankton that floats on the surface of the ocean.
Seagrass: Seagrass grows in shallow water because it needs lots of sunlight. They are Flowering underwater plants (they're actually plants, with roots in the ocean floor), and there are over 70 different species around the world.
Red Algae: Red algae grows in warm tropical water. This tropical ocean plant has been growing in oceans for more than 500 million years. Red algae are red, because of the pigment phycoerythrin; this pigment reflects red light and absorbs blue light. Because blue light penetrates water to a greater depth than light of longer wavelengths, these pigments allow red algae to photosynthesize.
Coral and Algae: Coral is not a plant; it is an animal organism. However, coral reefs get their color from the many species of algae that live on the surface of the coral. Coral polyps are translucent or white. Algae attaches itself to the coral and feeds the coral, which eats the nutrients created as byproducts of the algae's photosynthesis.
Coralline Algae: Very fine filaments that grow over rocks. These plants may seem more like rocks than plants, and they are as hard as cement. Coralline algae helps support the structure of coral reefs. They do this by forming a hard crust that fills in the fragments and gaps between pieces of coral to form reefs.

https://www.trails.com/list_9578_list-ocean-plants.html

ocean food chain

trophic levels

canada food chain

under the ice

Sympagic fauna: include bacteria and fungi, as well as animals like flatworms and crustaceans

Phytoplankton: plankton consisting of microscopic plants

Zooplankton: plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals.

Benthos: the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as the benthic zone.

what is a protein?

Proteins are chains of amino acids
Stomach acids uncoil protein
Protein digestion begins with the action of an enzyme called pepsin. Pepsin acts on protein molecules by breaking the peptide bonds that hold the molecules together.
Enzymes take polypeptide chain and break down the chain of amino acids into dipeptides and tripeptides
Further breakdown into individual amino acids
Go in the blood stream, absorbed across intestinal cell lining

cell membrane transport

Glycolysis: no oxygen needed, anaerobic, the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Intermediate stage: Pyruvates enter mitochondria, release CO2

Citric Acid Cycle: produces ATP, NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Electron Transport Chain: Produce more ATP, in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

Sponges filter water for food

jellyfish

types of fish

types of shark

eels

whales

how protein is made in a cell

protein synthesis

Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.

There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein.

The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation.

Transcription: takes the information encoded in DNA and encodes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell's nucleus and into the cytoplasm.

Translation: the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins.

RNA: ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

Nucleic Acid: a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Nucleotide: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.

Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

The four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil

adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). ...

These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine.

The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom.

Each nucleotide base can hydrogen-bond with a specific partner base in a process known as complementary base pairing: Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine. These hydrogen-bonded nitrogenous bases are often referred to as base pairs.

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

RNA polymerase: is an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNAsequence, duyring the process of transcription.

mRNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

Ribosome: made of rRNA, The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA molecules.

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA): is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.

Codon: a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Complementary Antiocodon: The anticodon region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA. During translation , the bases of theanticodon form complementary base pairs witht the bases of the codon by forming the appropriate hydrogen bonds.

Nucleotides: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Stop Codon: (or terminationcodon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins. Proteins are based on polypeptides, which are unique sequences of amino acids.

protein synthesis

pigments in the ocean

Chromatophores

Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes for coloration.

Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour (more properly "hue")

under white light: xanthophores (yellow)
erythrophores (red)
iridophores (reflective / iridescent)
leucophores (white)
melanophores (black/brown)
cyanophores (blue).

The key enzyme in melanin synthesis is tyrosinase.

Tyrosinase also impairs sight, taste, and smell in octopus ink

When this protein is defective, no melanin can be generated resulting in certain types of albinism.

cnidarian Poisons

Nematocysts: a specialized cell in the tentacles of a jellyfish or other coelenterate, containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread that can be projected in self-defense or to capture prey

Nematocysts are produced by nematoblasts, or cnidoblasts, and are used for capturing and paralyzing prey or for defense. Each nematocyst contains a coiled, hollow thread that can have barbs or spines and often contains poison.

The Octopus and cuttlefish

starfish

phylogenetic trees

artist memory jog

Ernst Haeckel: Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species.