vocabulary

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Week One

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​Hydrogen Bond- a weak bond between two molecules with and electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Polar Covalent Bond- a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

​Surface Tension- the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer 

​Capillary action: Capillary action describes the spontaneous flow of a liquid into a narrow tube or porous material. This movement does not require the force of gravity to occur. In fact, it often acts in opposition to gravity.

​Refraction:  is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another or from a gradual change in the medium.
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​Reflection: the throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it.

​Electromagnetic Spectrum: the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies. 

Visible Range: The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. 

A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to 740 nanometers.

Chromosome: is a single, large DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins; chromosomes are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells 

​DNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring.
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• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• DNA exists in the nuclei of most cells
• DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes
• Chromosomes consist of a single long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins
• If a single DNA molecule were stretched out it would be 1 to 3 meters long 

Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA

• Each has a sugar, a phosphate, and a base, one of four bases
• Bases: A, C, G, and T
  • adenine (A)
  • thymine (T)
  • guanine (G)
  • cytosine (C)
• The sequence is unique in each person

 
Double helix: the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together ​

Hydrogen bonds: or base pairing hold the strands together
 
Polymer: made up of building block molecules

• Biopolymers made of monomers

 
Genetic Code: the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
 
DNA Profile: a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence
 
Genome: one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism.

​​​Amino acids: The building locks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids

• All amino acids have the same basic core structure but each also has a unique chemical side group
• They bind together in linear chain,

 
​​Protein: A macro molecule made up of repeating sub units known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein.  proteins play critical roles in organisms.
 
Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein
 
Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins

Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits

Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences 

Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced

Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins.