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10/17/2020

The Study of genetics, human and animal genetics

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Genetics Continued



​Chapters 11 and 12
​

​Gregory Mendel’s research on genetics.

What is a Punnett Square and how do we use it?

Natural 
selection and adaptation: insects and plants adapting to chemicals, how organisms find ways to survive.

Mutation

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Allele

Genetic trait

Recessive Allele

​An allele that is visible in the organism only if to copies of the allele are present

Dominant Allele

an allele that can mask the presence of a recessive allele

Heterozygous


Having two different alleles

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles

Phenotype

The visible or measureable features of an individual.

Genotype

The particular genetic makeup of an individual

Gametes

Specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome (they are haploid)

Haploid

Half the genetic information compared to most cells, one copy of every chromosome

Diploid

Having two copies of every chromosome

Homologous chromosomes

The two copies of each chromosome in a diploid cell.  

Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that generated genetically unique haploid gametes

Recombination

An early stage of development in which maternal and paternal chromosomes pair and physically exchange DNA segments
​
Picture

​Independent Assortment


The principle that alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during meiosis

Picture

Stem Cell Technology to help Same Sex couples reproduce: In vitro Gametogenesis 




Zygote

A cell that is capable of developing into an adult organism.

Embryo

An early stage of development reached when a zygote undergoes cell division to form a multicellular structure.



Cystic Fibrosis


Carrier

An individual who is heterozygous for a particular gene of interest, and can pass the recessive allele to offspring.
​

Picture

Punnett Square

A diagram used to determine the probabilities of offspring having particular genotypes b looking at the genotypes of the parents

Picture

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569199317309700



CRISPR  (/ˈkrɪspər/) (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) 

​Gene editing technology.

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has gone to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna “for the development of a method for genome editing.” That method, formally known as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing but often called simply CRISPR, allows scientists to precisely cut any strand of DNA they wish.
 
https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/gene-editing/CRISPR-genome-editing-2020-Nobel/98/i39#:~:text=The%202020%20Nobel%20Prize%20in,strand%20of%20DNA%20they%20wish.
​


CF is Recessive, Huntington's Disease is Dominant


Picture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)
​


​With an autosomal dominant trait, if one parent has it, the children have a 50% chance of inheriting that gene, if they have that gene, they have the trait.


Picture
https://vanhornhuntingtonsdisease.weebly.com/


https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-10952800#:~:text=The%20village%20of%20Barranquitas%20in,work%20to%20find%20a%20cure.


​https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356117



Pedigree Chart


Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/pedigree-genetics

Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait and recessive.

The recessive gene for hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome.

Males inherit one affected X chromosome from the mother and, less commonly, females inherit an affected X chromosome from both mother and father experience the disease.

Females who inherit an affected X chromosome from either mother or father are carriers for the disease. 



More genetic complexities



Autosomes

Paired chromosomes present in both males and females; all chromosomes except the X and Y chromosomes

X Linked trait

a phenotype determined by an allele on an X chromosome

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between the dominant and the recessive genes.

Wavy hair is an example

Codominance

Both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype

An example is Blood Type

The three blood types are A, B, and O

The possible combinations that we inherit from parent are:

OO, AO, BO, AB, AA, and BB


Both parental alleles contribute equally to the phenotype 

O is recessive

So if you are blood type A, you may be AA homozygous or AO heterozygous

Different blood types have different surface markers, not every blood type is compatible:


Picture

Genes move with individuals



​Genetic drift


a change in the frequency of an allele within a population over time

Picture

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/a/genetic-drift-founder-bottleneck
​

As individuals move around we can observe genetic drift



​Bottleneck Effect


Something happens leaving only a few individuals to reproduce​
Picture
​https://www.nps.gov/articles/bison-bellows-12-3-15.htm
​

Picture

​https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/NS_02-03.html
​

​
​Founder Effect

The new population might not fully represent the ancestral population


Picture

https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-two-forms-of-genetic-drift-and-examples
​


Tasmanian devils and population bottleneck


Picture

http://tasmaniandevil.psu.edu/background.html


Natural Selection


Picture

https://microbenotes.com/natural-vs-artificial-selection/microbenotes.com/natural-vs-artificial-selection/

Picture
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/animals-climate-change-winter-evolution/

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