The most ancient creatures

---

Life started in the Ocean, here are some of the oldest species

---

The Sea Sponge from Phylum Porifera

---

https://ramdigestivesystem.weebly.com/sponges.html

---

Comb Jelly

---

​ctenophora: Comb jellie, not quite a jellyfish: Ctenophora comprise a phylum of invertebrate animals that live in marine waters worldwide. They are notable for the groups of cilia they use for swimming, and they are the largest animals to swim with the help of cilia. 

---

Ancient Phylum

---

Cnidaria: Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic environments: they are a predominantly marine species

Coral Biology. Although many corals resemble plants, they are actually members of the animal phylum Cnidaria. Most corals are colonial, which means that each coral is made up of many individual polyps connected by living tissue (the coenosarc).
​

---

What is coral?

---

---

Coral in the Fossil Record

---

The first coral reefs date from the early Ordovician of about 500 million years ago, and their form at the time differed significantly from that of corals today, which, following, the mass extinction 240 million years ago at the end of the Permian period, first appeared in the middle of the Triassic period.

---

JellyFish today

---

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/jellyfish-lifecycle-and-reproduction

https://www.seattleaquarium.org/blog/facts-jellyfish-life

---

Brachiopods

---

Brachiopods: are marine animals belonging to their own phylum, Brachiopoda, of the animal kingdom. Modern brachiopods occupy a variety of sea-bed habitats ranging from the Tropics to the cold waters of the Arctic and, especially, Antarctic.
​

• have a very long history of life on Earth (at least 550 million years). They first appear as fossils in rocks of earliest Cambrian age

​

---

Fungi, ​prototaxites 

---

---

Geology Time Periods

---

https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/time/timechart/home.html

---

Cambrian Explosion

---

Cambrian Extinction was about 488 million years ago

Ostracoderms: armoured, jawless, fishlikevertebrates that emerged during the early part of the Paleozoic Era (542–251 million years ago)

Added note:
​

• Tiktaalik roseae is remarkably well preserved for a 375-million-year old fossil. Tiktaalik roseae, better known as the "fishapod," is a 375 million year old fossil fish which was discovered in the Canadian Arctic in 2004.

​​

• late Cambrian, eel-like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared​

Plants got bigger and absorbed more Carbon Dioxide, and there was an Ice Age

Devonian period 419 million years ago (mya), there were Devonian Forests 360 mya

Permian period 298 million years ago
​
Permian-Tirassic Extiction: 252 million years ago

Trilobites: some still survived, they survived about 4 mass extinctions:

• Exclusively marine animals
• First appeared at the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about 542 million years ago, when they dominated the seas.
• Became less abundant in succeeding geologic periods, a few forms persisted into the Permian Period, which ended about 251 million years ago.

Trilobites used chitin as a protein, just like mushrooms, the shell was chitin and calcite
​

---

GEOLOGIC TIME PERIOD CONCEPT MAP

---

---

Nitrogen Cycle

---

---

phosphorous cycle

---

---

Carbon Cycle

---