tests conceptsAttraction and repulsion between electric charges keep matter together If more heat is needed to break bonds (boiling water) the intermolecular forces are stronger Plants take in light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar Plants produce oxygen bubbles in water The energy produced by a plant is greater than the energy required, photosynthesis makes energy stored in sugar from light and carbon dioxide that we breathe out After absorbing carbon dioxide, CO2 the plant makes sugar, we call this photosynthesis Yeast produces CO2, eats sugar, does not use oxygen in fermentation Aerobic=uses oxygen Anaerobic= does not use oxygen If two species have a similar protein, they have a similar DNA Code DNA is instructions to make proteins, or other structures Proteins are chains of amino acids DNA tells the cell what order to put the amino acids in to make proteins If two organisms carry out the same function, they might have similar cells Cell division is responsible for growing organisms Complex organisms have cell differentiaton Cell differentiation leads to specialized tissues Cell division aims to make genetically identical cells Mitosis leads to 2 cells Meiosis leads to 4 cells Mitosis is general cell division Meiosis is cell division of sex cells (sperm and egg) DNA lives in Chromosomes Chromosomes live in Nucleus of Cell RNA is half of DNA RNA had nucleic acids/ nucleotides ATCG A connects to T C connects to G DNA replication is using an RNA strand to add a complementary strand and make a DNA set Cell work is called cellular respiration Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria makes ATP in animals, Chloroplasts make ATP in plants Each part of a system has specialized cells and also collaborates with other systems The circulatory system depends on the muscle system to pump blood, veins have muscles Animals respond to threats by receiving information in their nervous system and using their muscle system to move An example of hierarchy in biology: cells make tissues, make organs, make organ systems, make organisms Plant cell hierarchy: cells make xylem and phloem to transport nutrients An environment has a carrying capacity, the max number of individuals that can live there, animals reproduce until they reach carrying capacity and then level out Founder effect is when a group of individuals go to another area and start a new populations Bottleneck effect is a sudden reduction in the population diversity Genetic diversity leads to more genetic ability to adapt and survive Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics
  Energy is lost as heat Autotrophs make their own energy Heterotrophs consume energy More energy is stores in Autotrophs Trophic Level 1 is a producer Trophic Level 4 is a predator Energy is lost as we go up the trophic levels Trophic pyramids are triangle shaped because they represent energy loss as the level goes up Grass has more biomass because even though a blade of grass is small, the collective weight of grass is greater than that of consumers Producer-Plant- energy storage Decomposing organisms turn into soil, geosphere Earth Systems:
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