ALMA D'ARTE

Alma d' Arte Biology


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4/16/2019

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Attraction and repulsion between electric charges keep matter together

If more heat is needed to break bonds (boiling water) the intermolecular forces are stronger

Plants take in light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar

Plants produce oxygen bubbles in water

The energy produced by a plant is greater than the energy required, photosynthesis makes energy stored in sugar from light and carbon dioxide that we breathe out

After absorbing carbon dioxide, CO2 the plant makes sugar, we call this photosynthesis

Yeast produces CO2, eats sugar, does not use oxygen in fermentation

Aerobic=uses oxygen

Anaerobic= does not use oxygen

If two species have a similar protein, they have a similar DNA Code

DNA is instructions to make proteins, or other structures

Proteins are chains of amino acids

DNA tells the cell what order to put the amino acids in to make proteins

If two organisms carry out the same function, they might have similar cells

Cell division is responsible for growing organisms

Complex organisms have cell differentiaton

Cell differentiation leads to specialized tissues

Cell division aims to make genetically identical cells

Mitosis leads to 2 cells

Meiosis leads to 4 cells

Mitosis is general cell division

​Meiosis is cell division of sex cells (sperm and egg)


DNA lives in Chromosomes

Chromosomes live in Nucleus of Cell

RNA is half of DNA

RNA had nucleic acids/ nucleotides

ATCG
A connects to T
C connects to G

DNA replication is using an RNA strand to add a complementary strand and make a DNA set

Cell work is called cellular respiration

Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell

​Mitochondria makes ATP in animals,
​Chloroplasts make ATP in plants


Each part of a system has specialized cells and also collaborates with other systems

The circulatory system depends on the muscle system to pump blood, veins have muscles 

Animals respond to threats by receiving information in their nervous system and using their muscle system to move

An example of hierarchy in biology: cells make tissues, make organs, make organ systems, make organisms

Plant cell hierarchy: cells make xylem and phloem to transport nutrients

An environment has a carrying capacity, the max number of individuals that can live there, animals reproduce until they reach carrying capacity and then level out

Founder effect is when a group of individuals go to another area and start a new populations

Bottleneck effect is a sudden reduction in the population diversity


Genetic diversity leads to more genetic ability to adapt and survive


Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics
​
Picture
Picture
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/represents-the-relationship-between-Chromosomes-DNAs-and-Genes-within-a-cell_fig1_316063749

Picture

Picture
https://www.slideshare.net/mrglosterscience/01-mendelian-genetics

Energy is lost as heat

Autotrophs make their own energy

Heterotrophs consume energy

More energy is stores in Autotrophs

Trophic Level 1 is a producer

Trophic Level 4 is a predator

Energy is lost as we go up the trophic levels

Trophic pyramids are triangle shaped because they represent energy loss as the level goes up

​Grass has more biomass because even though a blade of grass is small, the collective weight of grass is greater than that of consumers

Producer-Plant- energy storage

Decomposing organisms turn into soil, geosphere

Earth Systems:
​
  • Geosphere/Lithosphere
    • Mountains
    • Soil
    • Volcanoes
    • Tectonic Plates
    • Phosphorous cycle
 
  • Hydrosphere
    • Precipitation
      • Clouds
      • Steam
      • Humidity
    • Bodies of water
      • Streams
      • Lakes
      • Rivers
      • Ocean
      • Glacier
    • Hydrogen cycle
​
  • Atmosphere
    • Nitrogen
    • Oxygen
    • Water vapor
    • Many other gases, 
    • Industrial contaminants
    • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
    • ​Carbon Cycle
​
  • Biosphere
    • Plants
    • Algae
    • Animals
    • Bacteria
    • Protists
    • Fungi
    • ​Nitrogen Cycle​

​

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