more on the systems of systems

---

organ systems

---

​Intergumentary System: Skin, hair, nails

Muscular System: Cardiac, Smooth Muscle, Skeletal Muscle

Circulatory System: Heart, Lungs, Aorta, Veins

Skeletal System: Bones and Cartilage

Urinary System: Bladder, Kidneys, Ureters

Digestive System: Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Stomach, Mesentery, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve Cells

---

​Intergumentary System: Skin, hair, nails

---

Cells with protein Keratin

---

stem cell research for skin regeneration 

---

---

how hair grows

---

---

nails

---

---

Muscular System: Cardiac, Smooth Muscle, Skeletal Muscle

---

The average length of skeletal muscle cells in humans is about 3 cm (sartorius muscle up to 30 cm, stapedius muscle only about 1 mm). 

The sarcolemma (sarco (from sarx) from Greek; flesh, and lemma from Greek; sheath) also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane of a striated muscle fiber cell.
​

• It consists of a lipid bilayer and a thin outer coat of polysaccharide material (glycocalyx) that contacts the basement membrane.

​

• The basement membrane contains numerous thin collagen fibrils and specialized proteins

Sarcoplasmic reticulum: is a specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells.

​Actin and myosin slide together along Z line using ATP as energy to move

---

muscle types

---

---

muscle tissue repair

---

Myocyte (also known as a muscle cell): is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.
​

• Myocytes are long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as myogenesis. 

Muscle Stem Cells: are dormant and can replicate when needed

• Stem cells used to treat muscular dystrophy in mice.

Macrophage: a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.
​

---

heart muscle

---

---

Circulatory System: Heart, Lungs, Aorta, Veins

---

veins have many types of cells

---

types of blood cells

---

​Red Blood Cells: transport oxygen in hemoglobin using iron, (erythrocytes)

​Platelets: clot, (thrombocytes)

White Blood Cells: defend you,  (leukocytes)

Plasma: Flow, 55% of blood

---

Skeletal System: Bones and Cartilage

---

​where blood cells are made

​Bone consists of four types of cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor (or osteogenic) cells. 

---

urinary system

---

​Urinary System: Bladder, Kidneys, Ureters

​Kidneys: 

• Remove waste from body
• Balance body fluids
• Release hormones to regulate blood pressure
• Produce Red Blood Cells RBC, indirectly
  • Healthy kidneys produce a hormone called EPO.
  • EPO prompts the bone marrow to make red blood cells, which then carry oxygen throughout the body.
• Remove drugs from body

Nephron:

• Blood filtering unit
• Glomerulus- glomerular filtration, some nutrients are reabsorbed

Ureter:
​

• tubes

Bladder:
​

• Sends messages to brain

​

---

digestive system

---

Salivary Glands:
​

• By mouth, start food breakdown as you chew​

​Liver

What is the liver doing in there?

• Blood filtration: from hepatic artery, from heart, or from intestine with carbs,fats, vitamins for absorption
• Sorts nutrients, sores nutrients
• Processing toxins, converts toxins into a less toxic substance
• Send waste to kidneys
• Make blood plasma proteins to transport fatty acids and help blood clot
• Creates cholesterol for hormone flow
• Makes Vitamin D for digestion
• Makes bile, using toxic waste products
  • ​Stored in gallbladder
  • Neutralizes stomach acid
• We need a healthy liver
  • The main threat to the liver is alcohol
  • Damage to the liver results in scarring (cirrhosis), which can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition.

​

​
​Gallbladder

• Stores bile- green
• Secretes bile into small intestine
• ​Helps break down fats

​

​
​Pancreas

• Is a mystery...
• Not really, helps us digest
• made of pancreatic ducts connect to small intestine, duodenum
• Endocrine and exocrine function
• Produce hormones to regulate blood sugar
• Produce enzymes to break down food 
  • Protease- break down proteins
  • Lipase- break down fats
• Works with bile from gallbladder to help break down food

​

Stomach
​

• connected to nerves
• gastric juice
• moves food back and forth to break it down
• moves food to intestine
• goes back to regular size

​

​
Mesentery

• ​This is a new organ
• Not quite, Leonardo Da Vinci called it first
  • ​Born: April 15, 1452, Anchiano, Italy
    Died: May 2, 1519
• Holds organs in place, transports lymph

​

​​Small Intestine
​

•  The small intestine has three distinct regions
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
• 90% of the digestion and absorption of food occurs
  • The other 10% takes place in the stomach and large intestine

​

Large Intestine
​

---

nervous system

---

​
​Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve Cells

​Enteric nervous system: part of autonomic nervous system (ANS), in digestive tract

---

---