ALMA D'ARTE

Alma d' Arte Biology


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2/26/2019

more on the systems of systems

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organ systems


​Intergumentary System: Skin, hair, nails

Muscular System: Cardiac, Smooth Muscle, Skeletal Muscle

Circulatory System: Heart, Lungs, Aorta, Veins

Skeletal System: Bones and Cartilage

Urinary System: Bladder, Kidneys, Ureters

Digestive System: Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Stomach, Mesentery, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve Cells

​Intergumentary System: Skin, hair, nails


Cells with protein Keratin

stem cell research for skin regeneration 



how hair grows



nails



Muscular System: Cardiac, Smooth Muscle, Skeletal Muscle


The average length of skeletal muscle cells in humans is about 3 cm (sartorius muscle up to 30 cm, stapedius muscle only about 1 mm). 

The sarcolemma (sarco (from sarx) from Greek; flesh, and lemma from Greek; sheath) also called the myolemma, is the 
cell membrane of a striated muscle fiber cell.
​
  • It consists of a lipid bilayer and a thin outer coat of polysaccharide material (glycocalyx) that contacts the basement membrane.
​
  • The basement membrane contains numerous thin collagen fibrils and specialized proteins

Sarcoplasmic reticulum: is a specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells.
Picture
Picture

​Actin and myosin slide together along Z line using ATP as energy to move
Picture
Picture

muscle types



muscle tissue repair



Myocyte (also known as a muscle cell): is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.
​
  • Myocytes are long, tubular cells that develop from myoblasts to form muscles in a process known as myogenesis. 

Muscle Stem Cells: are dormant and can replicate when needed
  • Stem cells used to treat muscular dystrophy in mice.

Macrophage: a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.
​

Picture

heart muscle



Circulatory System: Heart, Lungs, Aorta, Veins


veins have many types of cells

types of blood cells



​Red Blood Cells: transport oxygen in hemoglobin using iron, (erythrocytes)

​Platelets: clot, (thrombocytes)

White Blood Cells: defend you,  (leukocytes)

Plasma: Flow, 55% of blood

Skeletal System: Bones and Cartilage


​where blood cells are made

​Bone
 consists of four types of cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteoprogenitor (or osteogenic) cells. 

urinary system


​Urinary System: Bladder, Kidneys, Ureters


​Kidneys: 

  • Remove waste from body
  • Balance body fluids
  • Release hormones to regulate blood pressure
  • Produce Red Blood Cells RBC, indirectly
    • Healthy kidneys produce a hormone called EPO.
    • EPO prompts the bone marrow to make red blood cells, which then carry oxygen throughout the body.
  • Remove drugs from body

Nephron:

  • Blood filtering unit
  • Glomerulus- glomerular filtration, some nutrients are reabsorbed

Ureter:
​
  • tubes

Bladder:
​
  • Sends messages to brain
​

digestive system


Salivary Glands:
​
  • By mouth, start food breakdown as you chew​

​Liver

What is the liver doing in there?


  • Blood filtration: from hepatic artery, from heart, or from intestine with carbs,fats, vitamins for absorption
  • Sorts nutrients, sores nutrients
  • Processing toxins, converts toxins into a less toxic substance
  • Send waste to kidneys
  • Make blood plasma proteins to transport fatty acids and help blood clot
  • Creates cholesterol for hormone flow
  • Makes Vitamin D for digestion
  • Makes bile, using toxic waste products
    • ​Stored in gallbladder
    • Neutralizes stomach acid
  • We need a healthy liver
    • The main threat to the liver is alcohol
    • Damage to the liver results in scarring (cirrhosis), which can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition.
​
​
​Gallbladder

  • Stores bile- green
  • Secretes bile into small intestine
  • ​Helps break down fats
​
​
​Pancreas

  • Is a mystery...
  • Not really, helps us digest
  • made of pancreatic ducts connect to small intestine, duodenum
  • Endocrine and exocrine function
  • Produce hormones to regulate blood sugar
  • Produce enzymes to break down food 
    • Protease- break down proteins
    • Lipase- break down fats
  • Works with bile from gallbladder to help break down food
​
Picture
Picture

Stomach
​
  • connected to nerves
  • gastric juice
  • moves food back and forth to break it down
  • moves food to intestine
  • goes back to regular size
​
​
Mesentery

  • ​This is a new organ
  • Not quite, Leonardo Da Vinci called it first
    • ​Born: April 15, 1452, Anchiano, Italy
      Died: May 2, 1519
  • Holds organs in place, transports lymph
​

​​Small Intestine
​
  •  The small intestine has three distinct regions
    • duodenum
    • jejunum
    • ileum
  • 90% of the digestion and absorption of food occurs
    • The other 10% takes place in the stomach and large intestine
​

Large Intestine
​

nervous system


​
​Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve Cells


Picture

​Enteric nervous system: part of 
autonomic nervous system (ANS), in digestive tract



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