Migration Biology

animal migrations

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• More than 80% of earth’s marine life is migrating to different places and changing their breeding and feeding patterns due to warming waters.
• Ocean species are migrating in response to climate change 10 times faster than land species.
• Some marine species have migrated as much as 600 miles from where they were abundant just a few decades ago.
• 80% of ocean pollution comes from the land.
• Cryptochrome: is a protein that helps with circadian rhythms and magnetoreception, knowing how to navigate 

• ​https://www.neefusa.org/weather-and-climate/marine-species-move​

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magnetic meridians

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• The sun releases UV Radiation
• Coronal Mass Ejection: plasma energy millions of kilometers wide, released by the sun. A significant release of plasma and accompanying magnetic field from the solar corona. They often follow solar flares and are normally present during a solar prominence eruption. The plasma is released into the solar wind, and can be observed in coronagraph imagery.
  • Coronagraph: is a telescope that can see things very close to the Sun. It uses a disk to block the Sun's bright surface, revealing the faint solar corona, stars, planets and sungrazing comets. In other words, a coronagraph produces an artificial solar eclipse.
  • ​​A coronal mass ejection can make the 93-million-mile journey to Earth in just three to four days.
  • They can happen a few times a day, at solar minimum we observe about one CME a week
  • http://www.thesuntoday.org/missions/soho/ 
• This radiation produces mutations, we are protected by magnetic belts​​

Coronagraph Imagery

Space Weather Prediction Center

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Van allen radiation belts

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https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/gallery/20130228-radiationbelts.html

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• Van Allen Radiation Belt:  a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field. Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created. ​

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magnetosphere

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• https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/multimedia/magnetosphere.html

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• Magnetosphere: invisible force field, the region surrounding the earth or another astronomical body in which its magnetic field is the predominant effective magnetic field.
• Aurora Borealis: An aurora, sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights or southern lights, is a natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in the high-latitude regions. 
  • ​Air molecules glow
  • Oxygen glows Red or Green
  • Nitrogen glows Blue​

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Birds and other animals can detect meridians

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• ​https://www.nature.com/articles/nmat4484/figures/1

• Birds can either see or sense the Earth's magnetic fields
• https://www.sciencealert.com/birds-see-magnetic-fields-cryptochrome-cry4-photoreceptor-2018

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earth's magnetic fields

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• The videos show a donut shape for energy movement, this is a torus
• Torus: donut shape, In geometry, a torus is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis coplanar with the circle. If the axis of revolution does not touch the circle, the surface has a ring shape and is called a torus of revolution. 
  • ​Volume: 2 × π² × R × r²
  • ​​Surface area: 4 × π² × R × r

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Animal Magnetoreception

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Cryptochromes: Proteins that help detect magnetic meridians, they are involved in the circadian rhythms of plants and animals, and possibly also in the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species. Cryptochromes are a class of flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light. They are found in plants and animals.

​Circadian Rhythms: circadian rhythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. 

Flavoproteins: proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin: the flavin adenine dinucleotide or flavin mononucleotide. 

Protein: a long chain of amino acids: nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.

Amino acids: are organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, along with a variable side chain group.

Nucleic Acid: a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Here is an article of Animal Magnetoreception:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242524675_Magnetoreception_in_animals​ 

2008physicstoday.pdf
File Size:	1753 kb
File Type:	pdf

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​bioluminescence

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Bioluminescence: the biochemical emission of light by living organisms such as fireflies and deep-sea fishes.

• the light emitted by organisms such as fireflies and deep-sea fishes.

Photoproteins: are a type of enzyme, made of protein, from bioluminescent organisms. They add to the function of the luciferins, they are light-producing ...

• Bioluminescent animals: glowworms, fireflies, jelly fish, comb jellies, plankton, krill, angler fish, viper fish, sea cucumbers,  millipedes some mushrooms...
• Used for bait, light, mating attraction, defense, cloaking, motion sensing

​Biofluorescence: a phenomenon by which organisms absorb light, transform it, and eject it as a different color—is common and variable among marine fish species, indicating its potential use in communication and mating. 

• Found in sharks, seahorse, sting rays, fish...

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