Gene COde

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Connect Genetics to Protein Synthesis

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WHat is a gene?

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DNA Transcription and Translation

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​RNA is synthesized from DNA by an enzyme known as RNA polymerase during a process called transcription.

The new RNA sequences are complementary to their DNA template, rather than being identical copies of the template. 

RNA is then translated into proteins by structures called ribosomes.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the instructions to make a particular protein of the DNA from the nucleous to the ribosomes. 

The process of producing mRNA from instructions in the DNA is called transcription. 

During transcription, the DNA molecule unwinds and separates exposing the nitrogenous bases. 

Free RNA nucleotides pair with the exposed bases. 

No thymine (T) is in RNA.  Uracil (U) pairs with adenine (A) instead. 

RNA contains the sugar ribase instead of deoxyribose. 

The mRNA molecule is completed by the formation of bonds between the RNA nucleotides, and it then separates them from the DNA. 

The mRNA molecule is a single strand, unlike DNA.
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https://socratic.org/questions/how-would-you-describe-the-steps-in-protein-synthesis
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https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/53364
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Protein FOlding

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https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01357-6
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https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140113154211.htm
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https://news.uchicago.edu/story/discovery-new-fossils-reveals-key-link-evolution-hind-limbs
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Chitin is a protein in mushrooms, also sea sponges, crustaceans, and insects

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The theory of fish:

​https://www.fishkeepingworld.com/evolution-of-fish/

Agnathan
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https://www.britannica.com/animal/sea-lamprey
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https://www.pnas.org/content/101/36/13273

They have chitinous teeth:

https://books.google.com/books?id=bvAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288&lpg=PA288&dq=agnathan+chitin&source=bl&ots=oKX_Dmfsa1&sig=ACfU3U27yAJg3uH8zRExhYjBPxjDQN8bxw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit7-uQs_vnAhUB2qwKHcg8Cts4ChDoATADegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=agnathan%20chitin&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=t4jjBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA881&lpg=PA881&dq=agnathan+teeth+are+made+of+chitin&source=bl&ots=QVyP0p5TWf&sig=ACfU3U04pCpZXzJNvBioh-gVzhHMyD8fLg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSnOXCs_vnAhUJ26wKHYnxAvIQ6AEwFXoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=agnathan%20teeth%20are%20made%20of%20chitin&f=false

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Chondrichthyes

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Fish with cartilage skeletons
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There is a chitin/fish connection here:

https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=82188
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​Chitin based barrier in some fish:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-chitin-based-barrier-immunity-model-a-A-model-The-intestinal-mucosal-surface-of-the_fig2_327210331
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Chitin Molecular Structure

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​https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/psr.2016.1.issue-9/psr-2016-0048/psr-2016-0048.xml
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Structure and FUnction

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​Pg 331
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Fossil Record

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Geological Timescale

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http://prehlife.weebly.com/paleozoic.html