ALMA D'ARTE

Alma d' Arte Biology

  • Home
  • Assignments
  • Syllabus
  • Resources

3/18/2019

Immune system

0 Comments

Read Now
 

More on how our immune system works



​We do have some antibiotic resistant bacteria, one of the most notable is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

MRSA sickens around 94,000 people per year, and kills about 19,000

Bacteria was covered back in chapter 14, lets go to page 274

This staph infection can be transferred through
​
  • Skin to skin contact
  • Used soap and towels
  • Contaminated surfaces

​Cellulitis (sel-u-LIE-tis) is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection. The affected skin appears swollen and red and is typically painful and warm to the touch.

Cellulitis usually affects the skin on the lower legs, but it can occur in the face, arms and other areas.

​
​
Cellulitis occurs when bacteria,
​most commonly 
streptococcus and staphylococcus, enter through a crack or break in your skin. The incidence of a more serious staphylococcus infection called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing.



https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cellulitis
​

antibiotic medicine


Antibiotics: are chemicals that either kill bacteria or slow their growth interfering with the function of essential bacterial cell structures. 

Bacteria can become resistant because they are constantly mutating and adapting to pressure.

Antibacterial products are natural selection, we are selecting for the strongest bacteria by killing off the bacteria that is susceptible to the antibacterial chemicals. 


Drainage of a cyst should be done by a doctor in a medical setting to prevent contamination and infection. 
​


chapter 29 is on the immune system


Immune system: a system of cells and tissues that acts to defend the body against foreign cells and infectious agents. 

Immunity: The resistance to a given pathogen by the immune system

Pathogen: Infectious agent, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Virus: A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected by a virus, a host cell is forced to produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus at an extraordinary rate.

Has a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein shell. 

Page 586 shows how virus will enter a cell and use the cell to replicate.

Lymphocyte: specialized white blood cell
​


B Cells: a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.

Thymus: where T Cells mature

T Cells: a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.

Helper T Cells: type of T cell that helps activate B cells

Cytotoxic T Cell: Type of T cell that destroys altered cells, including virally infected cell

Antigen: Molecule to which antibodies bind

Antibody: A protein produced by B cells that binds to antigens and either neutralized them or flags other cells to destroy pathogens

Memory cells: A long-lived B or T cells that is produced during the primary response that is rapidly activated in the secondary response

Primary Response: The adaptive response mounted the first time a particular antigen is encountered by the immune system

Secondary Response: Rapid and strong response mounted when a particular antigen is encountered by the immune system subsequent to the first encounter

Lymph nodes: small organs in the lymphatic system where B and T cells may encounter pathogens

Lymphocyte: specialized white blood cell of the immune system

Adaptive Immunity: A protective response mediated by lymphocytes, for long lasting immunity against specific pathogens

Cell-Mediated Immunity: Adaptive immunity that rids the body of altered infected cells
​
Innate Immunity: non-specific immunity such as barriers like skin and chemical barriers that are present from birth

Histamine: A molecule released by damaged tissue and during allergic reactions

Allergy: A misdirected immune response against environmental substances such as dust, pollen, and food

Autoimmune disease:  A misdirected immune response in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells.

Inflammatory Response: an innate defense activated by local tissue damage

Phagocyte: Type of white blood cell, lives in tissues, responds to inflammatory response.

Neutrophil: Phagocytic cell in the circulation that plays and important role in inflammatory response

Natural Killer Cell: Type of white blood cell that destroys virally infected cells and tumor cells

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death

Interferon: Antiviral proteins produced by virally infected cells to protect other cells from becoming infected

Complement Proteins: Protein in blood that help destroy pathogens by coating or puncturing them

Vaccine: Preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms or viruses that is given to people or animals to generate a memory immune response




hiv destroys helper t cells



Medical prevention of hiv


Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a way for people who do not have HIV but who are at substantial risk of getting it to prevent HIV infection by taking a pill every day
  •  The pill (brand name Truvada) contains two medicines (tenofovir and emtricitabine) that are used in combination with other medicines to treat HIV.
  • When someone is exposed to HIV through sex or injection drug use, these medicines can work to keep the virus from establishing a permanent infection.

When taken consistently, PrEP has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV infection in people who are at high risk by up to 92%. PrEP is much less effective if it is not taken consistently.
​

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html
​

Click here for side effect information to consider: 
​

https://endinghiv.org.au/blog/6-side-effects-of-prep/

preP



antiretroviral medication


The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a combination of antiretroviral drugs for people starting HIV treatment:

  • TDF (tenofovir)
  • either 3TC (lamivudine) or FTC (emtricitabine)
  • and EFV (efavirenz).

​Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

  • Abacavir, or ABC (Ziagen)
  • Didanosine, or ddl (Videx)
  • Emtricitabine, or FTC (Emtriva)
  • Lamivudine, or 3TC (Epivir)
  • Stavudine, or d4T (Zerit)
  • Tenofovir alafenamide, or TAF (Vemlidy)
  • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, or TDF (Viread)
​
https://www.avert.org/living-with-hiv/starting-treatment
​

We are adapting



Share

0 Comments



Leave a Reply.

Details

    Author: Jazmin Gannon

    A place to grow

    Archives

    February 2021
    January 2021
    December 2020
    November 2020
    October 2020
    September 2020
    August 2020
    July 2020
    May 2020
    April 2020
    March 2020
    February 2020
    January 2020
    December 2019
    November 2019
    October 2019
    September 2019
    August 2019
    July 2019
    May 2019
    April 2019
    March 2019
    February 2019
    January 2019
    December 2018
    November 2018
    October 2018
    September 2018
    August 2018
    July 2015

    Categories

    All

    RSS Feed

Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates.
  • Home
  • Assignments
  • Syllabus
  • Resources