How Genes make Proteins

---

WHat proteins are made through DNA Translation?

---

How can DNA actually code for a trait?

Translated proteins are encapsulated in vesicles in the endoplasmic reticulum, they are transported out of the cell and into the tissues where they are needed.

---

Different Amino Acids code for Different Traits

---

---

Keratin is in many structures

---

​Hair, Feather, Nails, Hooves, Scales, Feathers... a main amino acid is cysteine which has sulphur, what we smell when hair burns. 

Most insects have a protein called chitin
​

Did dinosaurs adapt and become dinosaurs?

Sea Lion Whiskers are made of keratin, they also have more hemoglobin to go deep sea diving and very flexible bones and cartilage for deep sea pressure.

​https://www.livescience.com/10549-deep-diving-mammals-black.html

---

Proteins that carry and store oxygen

---

​Hemoglobin

Oxygen transport, in red blood cells, made of four peptide/ amino acid chains, some of the amino acids are Leucine, methionine, lysine, tryptophane, and tyrosine.  There are approximately 3 million hemoglobin molecules in just one red blood cell.

Myoglobin

Oxygen storage, in muscles and heart muscles, one poly peptide chain 153 amino acids long

Watch the first few min of this:

---

Proteins that Help flying Creatures Glow 

---

​Photoproteins help animals glow.

Luciferase photoprotein produced by dinoflagellates, red algae
​

---

Proteins that keep fish from freezing

---

​Notothetinoid
​
a type of fish that produces Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), these proteins contain 37 amino acids 

There are different types of AntiFreeze Proteins and other things that help living beings prevent freezing such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in cyanobacteria.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/antifreeze-proteins
​

---

Glowing Ocean Beings

---

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in sea creatures composed of 238 amino acid residues
​

https://reefbuilders.com/2015/04/30/coral-fluorescence-magical/#

---

Proteins that help birds see magnetic fields

---

Magnetoreception may be connected to cryptochrome proteins, Cry1, Cry2, Cry4, or magnetite within the animal, Cry1 has 586 amino acids

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/284/5415/760/tab-figures-data

https://www.sciencealert.com/birds-see-magnetic-fields-cryptochrome-cry4-photoreceptor-2018
​

"Humans, have two cryptochromes – CRY1 and CRY2 – which help to control our body clocks. But Lauren Foley from the University of Massachusetts Medical School has found that CRY2 can double as a magnetic sensor."

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/humans-have-a-magnetic-sensor-in-our-eyes-but-can-we-detect-magnetic-fields

---

Proteins that help scavengers eat

---

Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, blood proteins.

​Digestive Enzymes are Proteins.

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30216294

---

Proteins are part of snake venom

---

​Proteins constitute 90-95% of venom's dry weight and they are responsible for almost all of its biological effects.
​

https://www.pnas.org/content/111/25/9205

​Male and juvenile female platypi possess spurs on each hind leg that are connected to paired venom glands, platypus venom contains 19 different peptide fractions. 
​

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2965387/#:~:text=It%20is%20known%20that%20platypus,(OvNGF)%20%5B5%5D.

---

Antibodies are Proteins

---

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses

https://www.livescience.com/antibodies.html
​

---

Genes are replicated as cells Multiply

---