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2/19/2020

Genetics

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Punnet Squares



​The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

It is named after Reginald C. 
Punnett.

The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
​

Picture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square#/media/File:Punnett_Square.svg
​

Picture

​https://www.quora.com/How-can-a-Punnett-square


monohybrid cross


A monohybrid cross is a breeding experiment between P generation (parental generation) organisms that differ in a single given trait. The P generation organisms are homozygous for the given trait.
​

Picture
https://www.thoughtco.com/monohybrid-cross-a-genetics-definition-373473

Dihybrid cross



​Dihybrid cross is a cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two observed traits. According to Mendel's statement, between the alleles of both these loci there is a relationship of completely dominant - recessive traits.
​

Picture
https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Dihybrid_Cross.html
​

Picture

​https://www.quora.com/How-did-you-get-a-genotype-ratio-in-mendel-dihybrid-cross

Mendelian Genetics



Examples of Dominant vs Recessive Genes


Picture

https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/biology_it-takes/


Genetics Vocabulary


Dominant allele:
​

An allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different

​Recessive allele:

An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical​


Coding DNA:

Sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures

Phenotype:

Physical genetic expression

Genotype:

Internal genetic expression

Allele:

Variation of a genetic trait


Gamete:

a Sex cell


Gene expression:

Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein

https://www.vocabulary.com/lists/32017

​


Codominance


Picture
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Codominance

Picture
https://ibiologia.com/codominance/
​


x-Linked Trait


Picture
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/calico.html
​


Calico cats
 are almost always female because the locus of the gene for the orange/non-orange coloring is on the X chromosome.
​

Picture
https://petcentral.chewy.com/behavior-pet-facts-are-all-orange-cats-male-all-calico-cats-female/


Examples


Sickle cell: ​In sickle cell anemia, blood is also chronically low in oxygen
Picture

https://sites.google.com/site/prettyeasybio/genes-vocabulary/punnett-squares
​

Albinism
​

Picture
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245861
http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Comprehensive_data_on_albinism.htm
​


Huntington' Disease

Picture

​https://vanhornhuntingtonsdisease.weebly.com/

Olympic Medalist Sarah Winckless:
​

Picture
https://www.henleystandard.co.uk/news/home/112117/i-became-world-champion-and-olympic-bronze-medallist-even-though-i-d-been-diagnosed-with-debilitating-and-incurable-disease.html
​

https://vanhornhuntingtonsdisease.weebly.com/
Polydactyly:
​

Picture

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321607
​


Cystic Fibrosis:

Picture
https://sites.google.com/a/wyckoffschools.org/genetics-challenge/2-pedigree-analysis

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