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10/2/2020

Genes, cell types, and Stem Cells

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let's learn more about Types of cells


Stem Cells

Adult Stem Cells/ Somatic Stem cells:  Not specialized yet

Pluripotent Stem Cells

H
ave the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo during gastrulation and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but not extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta.

Multipotent Stem Cells


A cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Cells from embryonic blastocyst, a few day old fetus, they get these from "leftover" IVF clinic embryos.

Totipotent Stem Cells

Can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic, or placental, cells. These are embryonic cells within the first couple of cell divisions after fertilization.

​

Picture

​https://www.businessinsider.com/how-old-are-cells-cellular-lifespan-2016-8
​

Types of cells



  • Bone Cells 
  • Blood Cells
  • Muscle Cells
  • Fat Cells
  • Skin Cells
  • Nerve Cells
  • Endothelial Cells
​

Bone Cells


Picture
Picture

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/873252/view/osteocyte-bone-cells-sem

Picture

​https://cellapplications.com/bone


Picture

​https://boneresearchsociety.org/resources/gallery/7/


Blood Cells


Picture
Picture

​https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3pjsrd/revision/7


https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/8f8z2s/scanning_electron_microscop
​

​Red blood cell and white blood cell


Picture

https://www.quora.com/What-does-an-animal-cell-look-like-under-an-electron-microscope

Picture
https://microbiologyinfo.com/blood-cells-types-functions/


Muscle Cells


Picture

​https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/skeletal-muscle

Picture

https://www.dkfindout.com/us/gallery/human-body/types-muscle-cells/

Picture
Picture

https://sciencing.com/structure-function-muscle-cells-6615020.html


https://www.dkfindout.com/us/gallery/human-body/types-muscle-cells/

​
Picture

https://biologydictionary.net/muscle-cell/

Picture

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/516577019754328886/


Fat Cells


Picture

https://www.livescience.com/62218-whats-in-a-fat-cell.html

Picture

https://www.nfpt.com/blog/uncovering-the-biology-behind-fat-cells


Skin Cells


Picture

https://www.quora.com/Why-are-skin-cells-more-likely-to-turn-into-cancer-than-a-muscle-cell

Picture

​https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2015/11/23/how-does-the-outer-layer-of-skin-cells-



Stem cell technology for skin recovery


Nerve Cells


Picture

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes2.htm



Stem Cell treatment for vision


epithelial cells



​Epithelial cells line the stomach the intestines, our whole digestive tract, they have structures that help them absorb nutrients
​
Picture

https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/epithelial-cell.html


Cell Membranes



What all of these cells have in common is the cell membrane, membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer an have channels that allow certain things in and out of the cell.


Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-membrane

Picture

https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/3-1-the-cell-membrane/


Extracellular: Outside of the cell

Intracellular: Inside the cell


​

Cell Membrane Review



Cholesterol in cell membranes

Around 25-30% of a cell membrane has cholesterol. Cholesterol can fit into spaces between phospholipids and prevent water-soluble molecules from diffusing across the membrane. Cholesterol helps cells keep their shape and stay flexible.


Picture
https://biology4ibdp.weebly.com/13-membrane-structure.html

Membrane proteins

Membrane
 proteins do a series of jobs for the cell, receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments. Transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane.
​
Picture
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/3.12/


​Transport Proteins


Are channels in the cell membrane, the fluid mosaic model, that allow things in and out of the cell.


Picture
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/6/271/tr3
​



Aquaporins are water channels for the cell

​
Picture
https://www.water-channeling-life.com/en/themes/01.html

Receptor Proteins

Are like antennae, they signal other cells and communicate with the outside of the cell, they may receive hormones or other messages

Picture

​https://www.quora.com/What-are-receptor-proteins

Marker proteins

Extend across the cell membrane and serve to identify the cell. The immune system uses these proteins to tell friendly cells from foreign invaders. They are as unique as fingerprints.


Picture

https://quizlet.com/433904608/biology-unit-3-flash-cards/

These proteins and elements are all part of the

Fluid-mosaic model

A mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.

Picture
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Structure_and_Function_of_Plasma_Membranes/5.1%3A_Components_and_Structure/5.1B%3A_Fluid_Mosaic_Model


Cell Transport Types


Osmosis 

the spontaneous, no energy needed, movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.  From higher concentration to lower concentration to equalize the solution on both sides.

Picture

http://biology4alevel.blogspot.com/2014/09/25-passive-and-active-transport-across.html



​Simple Diffusion

Moves with the flow, from high concentration to low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement with the flow/ with the concentration gradient, from high concentration to low, with the help of a transport protein.


Passive Transport

A movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input, so no ATP needed, using a specialized channel protein in the cell membrane.



​Active Transport

Movement against the regular gradient flow, from low concentration to high concentration.

Movement of ions or molecules through a cell membrane using specialized proteins with enzymes, using ATP.

Endocytosis

Bringing things in, like large molecules, the cell will form a vesicle to bring something into the cell.

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

The molecules that will enter the cell need to have a special signal so the cell can identify them

Pinocytosis

Taking in fluids, cell drinking

Exocytosis

Forming a vesicle to transport a molecule



Picture

https://quizlet.com/250540983/biology-cell-transport-diagram/


​Sodium Potassium Pump

A form of active transport, transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Very important in the function of neurons so action potentials can be fired 




​Types of cell transport:

https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology/section/3.3/


Different Solutions



​Tonicity


​measure of the osmotic pressure gradient

Hypertonic

Lower concentration of water, more solute molecules, makes cells shrink like pickles

Hypotonic

Less concentrated solution, more solute inside the cell, water will enter the cell and the cell might burst

Isotonic

concentration (of let's say salt) inside and outside the cell are equal



We can see osmosis with an eggsperiment


View this post on Instagram

Egg soaked in vinegar, egg shell dissolves

A post shared by Jazmin Biology (@myinfinitespiral) on Oct 12, 2020 at 4:32pm PDT

View this post on Instagram

The egg weighs 2.7oz

A post shared by Jazmin Biology (@myinfinitespiral) on Oct 12, 2020 at 4:35pm PDT

View this post on Instagram

Let's put the egg in corn syrup, there is more solute outside of the egg than inside the egg, what do you think water will do to balance out the water content of the solution?

A post shared by Jazmin Biology (@myinfinitespiral) on Oct 12, 2020 at 4:39pm PDT

View this post on Instagram

Now it looks very different and weighs 1.6oz

A post shared by Jazmin Biology (@myinfinitespiral) on Oct 13, 2020 at 8:55am PDT


The ten major systems of the body



Parts of the brain
​

How the heart works
​

The respiratory system


Cell Specialization in Plants and anmals


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