Final Exam is coming up

---

Finals will be December 17 and 18

---

Here are the topics that will be covered in the test:

• Organisms grow due to cell division

​

• Q1: What is the reason living beings grow?
  
  Which of the following processes is directly responsible for growth in living organisms?​

​

• A1: Cell division, Mitosis
  The division of cells into two identical cells

​

---

• Q2: What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

​

• A2: Types of Cell Division:
  Mitosis is division of most cells it produces two identical sister cells that are diploid, they have two complete sets of chromosomes
  
  Meiosis is the production of sex cells (gametes) and produces  four haploid gametes ​

​

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-10-genetics-and-evolu/101-meiosis/meiosis-vs-mitosis.html

---

• Q3: What is photosynthesis

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-photosynthesis/a/hs-photosynthesis-review

​A3: In Photosynthesis, plants  transform light energy into chemical energy.  Light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, into oxygen and glucose.

---

​

• Q1: What is energy transfer? 

​

• ​A4: The recombination of elements to form new products
  
  
  • Carbs break down into simple sugars
  • Proteins break down into amino acids
  • Fats break down into fatty acids and glycerol
  • Nucleic Acids break down into nucleotides

​

---

• Q5: What are the main elements or building blocks of life in organic chemistry?

​

• A5: The main elements of life are Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

​

---

• Q6: What are trophic levels?

​

• A6: The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the food chain.
  
  A group of food chains is a food web. 
  
  Trophic level 1 is primary producers such as plants, level 2 is herbivores, level 3 is carnivores, level 4 or 5 is major predators.

​

---

• Q7: What is DNA made of and what is the shape of DNA

​

---

​

• Q8: How are proteins made?

​

• A8: Protein synthesis is done through translation. After DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during transcription, the mRNA must be translated to produce a protein. In translation, mRNA along with transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes work together to produce proteins, chains of amino acids.

---

• Q9: What is a protein

• A9: Proteins are large molecules that our cells need to function properly.​ 
• They consist of amino acids. 
• Hemoglobin, a carrier of oxygen in the blood, is a protein.

​

---

​

• Q10: The structure hierarchy: cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms

​

• ​A10: cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms

​

---

​

• Q11: Ways to maintain homeostasis 

​

• A11: 
  • Temperature. The body must maintain a relatively constant temperature. ...
  • Glucose. 
  • Toxins. Toxins in the blood can disrupt the body's homeostasis. ...
  • Blood Pressure. The body must maintain healthy levels of blood pressure. ...
  • pH

​

---

​

• Q12: What are: Chemical equation inputs and outputs, reactants and products

​

• ​A12: The inputs, or reactants, of cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. 
  The outputs, or products, of cellular respiration are water, carbon dioxide.

​

---

​

• Q13: What does cell respiration make?​

​

• A13: Cell respiration makes ATP

Cellular respiration

• Glycolysis (the break down of glucose)
• Link reaction.
• Krebs cycle.
• Electron transport chain, or ETC.

Happens in Mitochondria

---

​

• ​Q14: What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?

​

• A14: Aerobic uses oxygen, Anaerobic does not use oxygen

       

• Fermentation in anaerobic

---

​

• ​Q15: What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

​

• A15: Autotroph vs. Heterotroph. Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis).

​Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms — both plants and animals — for nutrition.

---

• Q16: How do we explain Biomass and conservation of energy in a food web?

​

• A16: Within all biological communities, energy at each trophic level is lost in the form of heat (as much as 80 to 90 percent), as organisms expend energy for metabolic processes such as staying warm and digesting food

​

---

• Q17: Cycles move within the: biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere

​

• ​A17: The four spheres are the geosphere (all the rock on Earth), hydrosphere (all the water on Earth), atmosphere (all the gases surrounding Earth), and biosphere (all the living things on Earth).

​

---

​​

• Q18: What happens when an ecosystem changes?

• A18: Balance, Equilibrium, hopefully​
  • Growth of new or different vegetation
  • Weather changes
  • Erosion 
  • Changes in the populations that live there
  • Climate Change

​

---

​

• Q19: What is osmosis?

• A19: Osmosis is the movement of water or other solvent through a plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.​

​

• Water moves to salt or sugar.

Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied.

---

​

• Q20: What are parts of the cell membrane?

​

• A20: Semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
  
  
  • Phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
  • Channel Proteins to allow specific molecules in
  • Aquaporins for water
  • Sodium Potassium Pump for active transport
  • Cholesterol