Energy Flow

8/26/2019

Energy Flow

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Energy Potentially Cycles Around Indefinitely

Laws of Physics, Rules of Motion:

First Rule: An object will remain at rest or in a uniform state of motion unless that state is changed by an external force.

Second Rule: Force is equal to the change in momentum (mass times velocity) over time.

Third Rule: For every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction.

https://www.thoughtco.com/major-laws-of-physics-2699071

Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author from the late 1600s

Energy motion

Trophic Levels in a food chain

Autotroph (producer): An organism that produces its own food using sunlight or chemical energy

Heterotroph (consumer): An organism that consumes another organism for food

Food chain: A series of organisms in which energy is transferred to another

Food web: A network of feeding interactions, usually consisting of multiple food chains

Trophic level: Each step in a food chain or food web

Biomass: The total amount of living tissue within a trophic level

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/

Biomass and energy transfer:

When energy enters a trophic level, some of it is stored as biomass (as part of organisms' bodies). This is the energy that's available to the next trophic level, since only energy storied as biomass can get eaten.

As a rule of thumb, only about 10\%10%10, percent of the energy that's stored as biomass in one trophic level (per unit time) ends up stored as biomass in the next trophic level (per the same unit time). -- Khan Academy

it starts with Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction through which sunlight is transformed into sugar to use as:

1). Usable energy to power cellular functions

2). Stored energy that is kept in oils as potential energy and

3). Some energy is used as building blocks for cell structures.

The molecule that cells use to power energy requiring functions is called ATP.

What is in food?

Food is a source of macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health

Carbohydrates: fruits and veggies, grains, legumes

Complex Carbohydrate (Polysaccharide): a carbohydrate made of many simple sugars linked together, a polymer of monosaccharides; examples are starch and glycogen

Starch: a complex plant carbohydrate made of linked chains of glucose molecules; a source of stored energy

Fiber: a complex plant carbohydrate that is not digestible by humans

Glycogen: a complex animal carbohydrate made of linked chains of glucose molecules; a source of stored energy

Extra sugar/ glucose is converted into glycogen, this type of starch is then stored in the body. When your body needs more glucose the glycogen is converted back into glucose. If the body's glycogen stores are full, the excess carbohydrates are stored as fat.

Simple Carbohydrates/Simple sugar (Monosaccaride): a carbohydrate made up of a single sugar subunit; an example is glucose

Complex carbohydrates and starch turn into sugars

Proteins: Meats, Dairy, Legumes, also grains and veggies

Fats: Dairy, meats, oils

A nutrient is a component in food that the body needs to grow, develop, and repair itself

WE get energy from food and it gives us the ability to do work like building complex molecules in our cells

Essential nutrients: substances that cannot be synthesized by the body and need to be consumed, pre-assembled through the diet, this includes certain amino acids and fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.

Essential amino acids: there are eight amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and needs to get from food