Energy

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energy flows within systems

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Energy is the capacity to do work, cellular work includes building complex molecules and moving substances in and out of the cell. 

Chemical Energy: potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules (Food)

Potential Energy: stored energy (Food)

Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion or movement, (muscle movement, digestion breaks down food and releases energy)

Heat: the kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or atoms (transfer of energy from food to muscle to environment

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energy Systems in plants 

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Autotroph: plants are autotrophs, they capture energy from the sunlight through photosynthesis

• don't need to eat other beings
• plants, algae, some bacteria 

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Photosynthesis: the process by which plants and other autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to make energy rich molecules using carbon dioxide and water 

Plants take sunlight and make sugars, glucose sugar, chemical energy.

The glucose sugar goes to:

• usable energy: chemical energy to power cellular functions
• Stored energy: potential energy stored in oil
• cell structures: building blocks for new cells 

Chloroplast: the organelle in the plant cell where photosynthesis occurs

Sunlight has Photons: packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity of energy 

A photon is both a wave and a particle

Light Energy: the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation 

Chlorophyll: The pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs photos of light energy during photosynthesis 

ATP, Adenosinetriphosphate: The molecules that cells use to power energy-requiring functions

Carbon Fixation: the conversion of inorganic carbon CO2 into organic forms, sugars 

Photosynthesis:
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• Pigments help absorb colors of light with certain wavelenghts.
• the color of the pigment comes from the pigment of the wavelength of the light reflected
• Plants appear green because they reflect yellow and green light
• Red and blue wavelenghts of light are absorbed by the pigments and provide the energy that is used for photosynthesis
• This happens in chloroplasts
  • light dependent reactions
  • and Calvin Cycle
  • in the chloroplasts are thylakoids
  • they are surrounded by a fluid filled space called stroma
  • the reactions that synthesize glucose occur in the stroma

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RuBisCO

An enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and in oxygenation of the resulting compound during photorespiration
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Produce:

• glucose
• fatty acid
• ​glycerol

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Energy Moves Around in Food Chains,
​Plankton is the Base of the Food Chain 

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Photosynthetic protist

Protist: is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant or fungus.

Diatoms are Phytoplankton, a single-celled alga that has a cell wall of silica. Many kinds are planktonic, and extensive fossil deposits have been found.

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Whales and Climate Change 

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Trophic Cycle: A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.

Trophic Cascade: When something that a large predator does affects the rest of the food chain. An ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling.
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Algae Fuel for Our Machines

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​Ernst August Haeckel Art Forms in Nature

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