Cells at WorkDNA is made of nucleic acids or base pairs that are coiled up into chromosomes that live in the nucleus of the cell. DNA replicates to make more cells and codes for proteins. Both DNA replication and transcription involve the generation of a new copy of the DNA in a cell. DNA transcription replicates the DNA into RNA DNA replication makes another copy of DNA.   DNA Replication and transcription happen inside the nucleus while translation happens outside  mRNA: messenger RNA, single strand, leaves the nucleus to make proteins tRNA: transfer RNA, helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein by releasing an amino acid Ribosomes: float in the cytoplasm, help assemble proteins by matching mRNA and tRNA
5' to 3' There is a 5 Prime and a 3 Prime  Histones Histones are proteins that help organize DNA into coils  Electron Microscope ImagesMicroscopyThe microscopes we have in class  DNA StructureDNA is too small to see with our class microscopes  WHo discovered it? Scanning Electron Microscope
VocabularyDNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA exists in the nuclei of most cells, DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes consist of a single long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. If a single DNA molecule were stretched out it would be 1 to 3 meters long Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA Each has a sugar, a phosphate, and a base, one of four bases Bases: A, T, C, and G Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Uracil in RNA (U) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) The sequence is unique in each person Double helix: the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together Hydrogen bonds: or base pairing hold the strands together Polymer: made up of building block molecules. Biopolymers made of monomers Genetic Code: the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells. DNA Profile: a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence Genome: one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism. Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids All amino acids have the same basic core structure but each also has a unique chemical side group. They bind together in linear chain, peptide chain. Protein: A macromolecule made up of repeating sub-units known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein. Proteins play critical roles in organisms. Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA): RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription Transcription: Transcription is the first step of DNA based gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Translation: the second stage of gene expression. Translation 'reads' mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make proteins. RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand or RNA, Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation. checks for a matching codon and anticodon. Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid Anti-codon: the complementary side on tRNA that leads to release of an aminoacid Anticodon=tRNA, Codon=mRNA Peptide: a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain How DNA Makes ProteinHow Art Helps us See Biology
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