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9/12/2020

DNA Replication and Protein SYnthesis

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Cells at Work



DNA is made of nucleic acids or base pairs that are coiled up into chromosomes that live in the nucleus of the cell. 

​DNA replicates to make more cells and codes for proteins.
​
Both DNA replication and transcription involve the generation of a new copy of the DNA in a cell. 

DNA transcription replicates the DNA into RNA 

​
DNA replication makes another copy of DNA
.

Picture
Picture

https://laboratoryinfo.com/dna-replication-vs-transcription/


DNA Replication and transcription happen inside the nucleus while translation happens outside

Picture

mRNA: messenger RNA, single strand, leaves the nucleus to make proteins 

tRNA: transfer RNA, helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein by releasing an amino acid

Ribosomes: float in the cytoplasm, help assemble proteins by matching mRNA and tRNA



5' to 3'

There is a 5 Prime and a 3 Prime
​

Picture
http://thebiologyprimer.com/chapter-dna-synthesis


Histones

Histones are proteins that help organize DNA into coils

Picture
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/histone


Electron Microscope Images



Microscopy



The microscopes we have in class

Picture
http://www.boruhealthmachine.org/
​


DNA Structure



DNA is too small to see with our class microscopes

Picture

WHo discovered it?


Picture

​http://ba-education.com/for/science/dnadiscoverers.html


Scanning Electron Microscope



Vocabulary



​​DNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

DNA exists in the nuclei of most cells, DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes.  Chromosomes consist of a single long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. If a single DNA molecule were stretched out it would be 1 to 3 meters long 

​Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA

Each has a sugar, a phosphate, and a base, one of four bases

Bases: A, T, C, and G
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T) Uracil in RNA (U)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

The sequence is unique in each person
 
Double helix: the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together ​

Hydrogen bonds: or base pairing hold the strands together
 
Polymer: made up of building block molecules. Biopolymers made of monomers
 
Genetic Code: the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
 
DNA Profile: a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence
 
Genome: one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism.

​​​Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids
All amino acids have the same basic core structure but each also has a unique chemical side group. They bind together in linear chain, peptide chain.
 
​​Protein: A macromolecule made up of repeating sub-units known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein.  Proteins play critical roles in organisms.
 
Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein
 
Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins

Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits

Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences 

Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced

Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins.

​Messenger RNA (mRNA): 
RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during 
transcription 

​Transcription: Transcription is the first step of DNA based gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Translation: the second stage of gene expression.  Translation 'reads' mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make proteins.

RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription.  RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand or RNA,

Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation. checks for a matching codon and anticodon.

Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

Anti-codon: the complementary side on tRNA that leads to release of an aminoacid

Anticodon=tRNA, Codon=mRNA


Peptide: a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain


How DNA Makes Protein



How Art Helps us See Biology


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