DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

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How Proteins are Made

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DNA is made of nucleic acids or base pairs that are coiled up into chromosomes, that live in the nucleus of the cell.  DNA replicates to make more cells and codes for proteins.

DNA activities: Transcription and then Translation

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First Transcription 

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then translation 

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DNA Transcription and Translation Animation

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​ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 

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Vocabulary

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​DNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

DNA exists in the nuclei of most cells, DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes.  Chromosomes consist of a single long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. If a single DNA molecule were stretched out it would be 1 to 3 meters long 

​Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA
Each has a sugar, a phosphate, and a base, one of four bases

Bases: A, T, C, and G
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T) Uracil in RNA (U)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

The sequence is unique in each person
 
Double helix: the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together ​

Hydrogen bonds: or base pairing hold the strands together
 
Polymer: made up of building block molecules. Biopolymers made of monomers
 
Genetic Code: the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
 
DNA Profile: a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence
 
Genome: one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism.

​​​Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids
All amino acids have the same basic core structure but each also has a unique chemical side group. They bind together in linear chain, peptide chain.
 
​​Protein: A macromolecule made up of repeating sub-units known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein.  Proteins play critical roles in organisms.
 
Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein
 
Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins

Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits

Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences 

Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced

Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins.

WHAT IS IN THE CELL? ORGANELLES
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• Cell membrane: lipid bilayer - fats keep it together and flexible
• Cytoplasm: jelly like substance made of water, salts, proteins
• Ribosome: reads RNA to make chains of amino acids that make proteins 
• Nucleus: where DNA lives in chromosomes
• Nuclear envelope: has two lipid bilayer membranes, protects nucleus 
• Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, makes ATP
• Endoplasmic reticulum: helps manufacture and package 
• Golgi apparatus: sends things out of the cell
• Lysosome: break down waste
• Other Parts: Cytoskeleton-microfilament, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Chloroplasts are in plants to photosinthesize. 

​Here are signs that something is alive: 

Growth: An increase in the organism's size as the number of cells increase.

Reproduction: the process of producing new organisms, offspring are similar but not necessarily identical to their parents in general structure, function, and properties.

Homeostasis: organisms maintain a stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes.

Sense and respond to stimuli: organisms respond to stimuli in many ways, they may move toward a food source or away from a threatening predator.

Obtain and use energy: all living beings require an input of energy to power their activities.  organisms obtain energy from food (which they either produce themselves or consume from the environment).  Chemical reactions convert that energy into usable forms. The sum total of all these reactions is metabolism.

DNA Replication words: 

Messenger RNA (mRNA): RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during 
transcription 

​Transcription: Transcription is the first step of DNA based gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Translation: the second stage of gene expression.  Translation 'reads' mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make proteins.

RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription.  RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand or RNA,

Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation. checks for a matching codon and anticodon.

Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

Anti-codon: the complementary side on tRNA that leads to release of an aminoacid

Anticodon=tRNA, Codon=mRNA

Peptide: a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain

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From DNA to Protein

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