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8/2/2019

DNA

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​DNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring.
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  • DNA exists in the nuclei of most cells
  • DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes
  • Chromosomes consist of a single long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins
  • If a single DNA molecule were stretched out it would be 1 to 3 meters long  
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  • Chromosome: is a single, large DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins; chromosomes are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells 
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Picture
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Chromosome
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  • Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA
    • Each has a sugar, a phosphate, and a base, one of four bases
    • Bases: A, C, G, and T
      • adenine (A)
      • thymine (T)
      • guanine (G)
      • cytosine (C)
    • The sequence is unique in each person
 
  • Double helix: the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together 
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  • Hydrogen bonds: or base pairing hold the strands together
 
  • Polymer: made up of building block molecules
    • Biopolymers made of monomers
 
  • Genetic Code: the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
 
  • DNA Profile: a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence
 
  • Genome: one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism. ​
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WHat DNA Codes For


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  • Amino acids: The building locks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids
    • All amino acids have the same basic core structure but each also has a unique chemical side group
    • They bind together in linear chain,

  • ​Protein: A macro molecule made up of repeating sub units known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein.  proteins play critical roles in organisms.

  • Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein

  • Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins

  • Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits

  • Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences 

  • Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced

  • Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins.

cell parts


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