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9/24/2020

Cell Division and Mitosis

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How Cells Divide



Cells divide to produce more identical cells with the same genes, this is how tissues grow and regenerate, this process is called mitosis.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
​

Book Vocabulary Words: 
​pg 147

Gene 

A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein

Gene Expression

The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins.

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

The physical qualities of an organism including observable or not observable traits

Alleles

Alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences.

​
Zooming into DNA


​Tissue

An organized group of different cell types that work together to carry out a particular function. Different types of cells make different tissues.

There are Many Cell Types:


  • Bone Cells 
  • Blood Cells
  • Muscle Cells
  • Fat Cells
  • Skin Cells
  • Nerve Cells
  • Endothelial Cells

Stem Cells

Immature cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types
​
  • Brain stem cells can become neural cells
  • Heart stem cells can become cardiac muscle
  • Bone marrow stem cells can become red blood cells 
​
Picture

https://www.medacess.com/about-stem-cells/bone-marrow-derived-stem-cell.html
​


Cells are constantly replicating 



​Cell Division

The process by which a cell reproduces itself; it is normal and essential for growth and healing of tissues

Sister Chromatid

One or more identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication
​
Centromere


The specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined

​Cytokinesis

The physical division of a cell into two daughter cells
​
Picture
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Chromatid

Picture
https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/what-mitosis


Stages of mitosis


​
​Interphase:
  • Each chromosome replicates in interphase
  • Resulting in two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. 
  • Chromosomes are loosely gathered in the nucleus 

Prophase:
  • Replicated chromosomes begin to coil up
  • The nuclear membrane begins to disassemble
  • Protein fibers of the mitotic spindle begin to form

Prometaphase:
  • chromosomes condense (shorten) so they are easier to separate
  • spindle fibers attach to chromosomes on both sides at the centromere region

Metaphase
  • ​spindle fibers from opposite ends of the cell pull on chromosomes
  • chromosomes are aligned along the middle of the cell

Anaphase
​
  • spindle fiber shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase
  • an identical set of chromosomes reaches each pole
  • spindle fiber dissemble
  • nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes forming the daughter cell nuclei

Interphase
  • two identical daughter cells are formed, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell 
​
Picture


https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-order-of-the-phases-in-mitosis

​
Meiosis

Picture


https://socratic.org/questions/589fd775b72cff178533a701





​Cell Division , electron microscopy, we will look at min 6:06 to 8:55



Meiosis



​Meiosis: 
A specialized type of cell division that generates unique haploid gametes. Generates sex cells.

Gamete: specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome, sperm are male gametes, egg are female gametes 

Haploid:
 having only one copy of every chromosome
​
Picture

Exchange of genetic material, new gene combinations are formed on chromatids (recombination), 
all four haploid daughter cells will be genetically distinct (sister chromatids are no longer identical).


​https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-genetics/33-meiosis/crossing-over.html


motor proteins



Stem Cells



​Adult Stem Cells (Somatic Stem Cells)

Stems cells located in tissues that help maintain and regenerate those tissues

Multipotent

A cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Stem cells that make up an early embryo which can differentiate into nearly every cell type in the body

Pluripotent

​
A cell with the ability to differentiate into nearly any cell in the body.
​


Cancer and the Cell Cycle



Cell Death: Apoptosis


Picture
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cytology-of-apoptosis-The-different-stages-of-apoptotic-cell-death-start-by-cellular_fig3_274013152

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