Cell Division

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Cell Division Leads to Growth

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Most Cells Divide Through Mitosis 

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Mitosis: a type of cell division that results in two cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
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Book Vocabulary Words: 
​pg 147

Gene:  A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein

Gene Expression: The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins.

Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype: the physical qualities of an organism including observable or not observable traits

Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences.

Cell Division: the process by which a cell reproduces itself; it is normal and essential for growth and healing of tissues

Sister Chromatid: one or more identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication

Centromere: the specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined

​Cytokiness: the physical division of a cell into two daughter cells
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Inside the Cell Nucleous 

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Stages of Mitosis 

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​Interphase:

• Each chromosome replicates in interphase
• Resulting in two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. 
• Chromosomes are loosely gathered in the nucleus 

Prophase:

• Replicated chromosomes begin to coil up
• The nuclear membrane begins to disassemble
• Protein fibers of the mitotic spindle begin to form

Prometaphase:

• chromosomes condense (shorten) so they are easier to separate
• spindle fibers attach to chromosomes on both sides at the centromere region

Metaphase:

• ​spindle fibers from opposite ends of the cell pull on chromosomes
• chromosomes are aligned along the middle of the cell

Anaphase:

• spindle fiber shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase:

• an identical set of chromosomes reaches each pole
• spindle fiber dissemble
• nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes forming the daughter cell nuclei

Interphase:

• two identical daughter cells are formed, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell 

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Electron Microscopy 

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Cell to Creature

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Meiosis

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Meiosis: A specialized type of cell division that generates unique haploid gametes. Generates sex cells.

Gamete: specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome, sperm are male gametes, egg are female gametes 

Haploid: having only one copy of every chromosome
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