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8/14/2020

Cell Biology: Structure and FUnction: Week 3

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Cell Biology, more in depth



​Essential Questions:

​
What is a cell ?

What are some of the types of cells?

What are cells made of and what are the various parts of cells?

How do cells work and what are some possible cell jobs?



Carbon



Carbon is an atom from the periodic table of elements that is found in organic molecules, it can bond with many atoms at the same time and forms chains that create bigger molecules.

Atoms have neutrons, protons and electrons:

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom

Neutrons are electrically uncharged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, neutrons are neutral

Nucleus is the center

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles, they are smaller than other subatomic particles and exist in a cloud around the nucleus of an atom in, valence shells, they orbit the nucleus


Valence shells are orbits around the nucleus, they can hold a certain number of electrons and the spaces for electrons fill from the inside out.

By looking at how many protons, neutrons, and electrons there are in an atom we can draw Bohr Diagrams.
​

In the diagram below you can see how many electrons can be held in each valence shell: 

Picture
https://www.slideshare.net/dumouchelle/how-to-draw-bohr-diagrams-slideshare


Noble gases such as helium and neon have no ability to bond with anything, every spot where a bond could exist is taken up.
​
Picture

​https://socratic.org/questions/except-for-helium-how-many-electrons-do-noble-gases-have-in-their-outer-energy-l


Carbon has space for four bonds because the outer valence shell can have eight electrons and carbon has four outer electrons, Neon on the other hand, is all full.
​

Helium has two outer electrons on a valance shell that can hold two electrons, it cannot bond with anything. Hydrogen on the other hand, has one electron and can bond with one thing, without this, H2O, water, would not be possible and there would be no life as we know it.



Carbon and hydrogen form covalent bonds, this means that they share 
electrons and fill their available spaces


Picture

​https://socratic.org/questions/59fc9e177c01495e220836e7
​

​In an ionic bond there is an electrochemical attraction between atoms of opposite charges and one atom gives away their electrons, those bonds are stronger and are found in metals.

Many of the foods we eat form ionic bonds, there are alkaline earth metals that we need for proper nutrition, examples are: calcium, sodium, magnesium...   


Picture

​https://www.chemistrylearner.com/alkaline-earth-metals


We need salt, just not too much, salt is sodium chloride and has an ionic bond:

Picture
https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/2cc2c2d1/ionic-bonding-comic-strip---comic-book-strip


Sodium, from salt, is Na on the periodic table of elements, it is an alkali metal, ​the elements are organized into element families and groups and periods based on their properties

​
Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/science/alkali-metal

​

Carbon based macroMolecules



​Let's look at some macromolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

​
Lipids
they contain hydrocarbons, chains of hydrogen and carbon:
​generally repel water



Picture

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/226/226F09_2.html


We need lipids to form phospholipids:

​
Picture

​https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/lipids/
​

Picture

https://learnbiochemistry.wordpress.com/category/lipids/


Phospholipids are in the cell membrane of cells:

Picture




https://www.quora.com/What-is-lipid-bilayer-model
​


​Cells have a cell membrane to keep contents safe

​
Picture

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Lipid-bilayer-structure-A-Molecular-composition-of-phospholipid-and-B-cell-membrane_fig1_281864200


​
Carbohydrates:
an organic molecule that is made up of one or more sugars
one carb sugars are monosaccharides
multiple linked saccharides are polysaccharides



Polysaccharides


Picture

​https://content.byui.edu/file/a236934c-3c60-4fe9-90aa-d343b3e3a640/1/module3/readings/carbohydrates.html


Monosaccharides


Picture

https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/



​
Proteins
and organic molecule made up of linked amino acid subunits,
contain nitrogen


​
Picture

http://www.yalescientific.org/2015/11/tiny-proteins-with-big-functions/
​



Proteins are a combination of 21 amino acids, DNA has a code for what amino acids to link and in what order

​

Picture

​https://askabiologist.asu.edu/venom/protein-art
​

​The chains of amino acids fold and form shapes that become building blocks for tissues and then organs



There are primary, secondary tertiary, and quaternary structures:

​
Picture

​https://animalphys4e.sinauer.com/boxex0201.html

Picture

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/226/226F09_2.html
​




​Nucleic Acids

organic molecules made up of linked nucleotide subunits
DNA and RNA are Examples of nucleic acids


Picture

https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-versus-rna-608191


Inside the cell



Cell Contents are Organelles
tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell

​
Picture

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Organelle


Cell Organelles



​Click on the organelles to learn more:


Cell membrane
(Plasma membrane/
​Plasmalemma)


Cell Wall

Centriole

Cilia and Flagella

Chloroplast

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Endosomes

Golgi Apparatus/
​Golgi Complex/ Golgi Body

​​
Intermediate
​filaments


Lysozyme

Microfilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Peroxisomes

Plasmodesmata

Plastids

Ribosomes

Storage granules

Vacuole

​Vesicles

https://microbenotes.com/cell-organelles/



Cell Nucleus


Picture

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/celnuc.html




The cell nucleus has chromosomes, they are bundles of DNA

​
Picture


​http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2014/pimp-my-dna-a-team-of-hopkins-scientists-and-undergrads-build-a-yeast-chromosome-from-scratch-with-handy-custom-features/




Types of cells



Prokaryotic cells
cells that have no internal membranes, no organelles
bacteria

Eukaryotic cells
cells with membrane bound organelles and a nucleus
plants, animals, fungi




Plant cells



Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts that photosynthesize

Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/plant-cell


SIngle cell beings



Many living beings are multicellular, here are some single cell beings:


Diatoms, single cell eukaryotes:
they look like glass
​

Picture

​https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/story/6522/20120412/natural-selections-diatoms?noseries=1


​
Amoeba
they are protozoans
single celled eukaryotes



Picture

​https://rsscience.com/facts-about-amoeba/
​


Bacteria
single-cell prokaryotes


Picture

https://www.ck12.org/biology/bacteria-characteristics/lesson/Bacteria-Characteristics-MS-LS/


Molds
Fungi, there are single and multicellular eukaryotic cells

Picture

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/fungi/



Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes 


Picture

https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells.htm


How PENICILLIN was discovered



Gram POSITIVE vs gram negative bacteria


​
​Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate between two groups of bacteria based on cell wall composition


  • The Gram staining procedure will result in Gram-negative cells staining pink and Gram-positive cells staining purple
 
  • The technique was developed by Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram in 1884

​

Picture

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b1-microbiology-organisms/gram-staining.html



Penicillin targets the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls.





Some antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors, they inhibit prokaryotic ribosomes in the bacteria

​Ribosomes are needed to produce proteins


​

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3 Comments
Mikayla Lopez link
8/17/2020 10:58:19 am

intresting

Reply
mikayla lopez link
8/17/2020 02:22:26 pm

its intresting

Reply
Hailey espinoza
9/11/2020 02:25:09 pm

When i think of a cell i think of kids toy blocks that are in all living things.

Reply



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