Cell Biology, more in depthEssential Questions: What is a cell ? What are some of the types of cells? What are cells made of and what are the various parts of cells? How do cells work and what are some possible cell jobs? CarbonCarbon is an atom from the periodic table of elements that is found in organic molecules, it can bond with many atoms at the same time and forms chains that create bigger molecules. Atoms have neutrons, protons and electrons: Protons are positively charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom Neutrons are electrically uncharged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, neutrons are neutral Nucleus is the center Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles, they are smaller than other subatomic particles and exist in a cloud around the nucleus of an atom in, valence shells, they orbit the nucleus Valence shells are orbits around the nucleus, they can hold a certain number of electrons and the spaces for electrons fill from the inside out. By looking at how many protons, neutrons, and electrons there are in an atom we can draw Bohr Diagrams. In the diagram below you can see how many electrons can be held in each valence shell:  Noble gases such as helium and neon have no ability to bond with anything, every spot where a bond could exist is taken up.  Carbon has space for four bonds because the outer valence shell can have eight electrons and carbon has four outer electrons, Neon on the other hand, is all full. Helium has two outer electrons on a valance shell that can hold two electrons, it cannot bond with anything. Hydrogen on the other hand, has one electron and can bond with one thing, without this, H2O, water, would not be possible and there would be no life as we know it. Carbon and hydrogen form covalent bonds, this means that they share electrons and fill their available spaces  In an ionic bond there is an electrochemical attraction between atoms of opposite charges and one atom gives away their electrons, those bonds are stronger and are found in metals. Many of the foods we eat form ionic bonds, there are alkaline earth metals that we need for proper nutrition, examples are: calcium, sodium, magnesium...  We need salt, just not too much, salt is sodium chloride and has an ionic bond:  Sodium, from salt, is Na on the periodic table of elements, it is an alkali metal, the elements are organized into element families and groups and periods based on their properties  Carbon based macroMoleculesLet's look at some macromolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids Lipids they contain hydrocarbons, chains of hydrogen and carbon: generally repel water  We need lipids to form phospholipids:   Phospholipids are in the cell membrane of cells:  Cells have a cell membrane to keep contents safe  Carbohydrates: an organic molecule that is made up of one or more sugars one carb sugars are monosaccharides multiple linked saccharides are polysaccharides Polysaccharides  Monosaccharides  Proteins and organic molecule made up of linked amino acid subunits, contain nitrogen  Proteins are a combination of 21 amino acids, DNA has a code for what amino acids to link and in what order 
There are primary, secondary tertiary, and quaternary structures:   Nucleic Acids organic molecules made up of linked nucleotide subunits DNA and RNA are Examples of nucleic acids  Inside the cellCell Contents are Organelles tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell  Cell OrganellesClick on the organelles to learn more: Cell Nucleus The cell nucleus has chromosomes, they are bundles of DNA  Types of cellsProkaryotic cells cells that have no internal membranes, no organelles bacteria Eukaryotic cells cells with membrane bound organelles and a nucleus plants, animals, fungi Plant cellsPlant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts that photosynthesize  SIngle cell beingsMany living beings are multicellular, here are some single cell beings: Diatoms, single cell eukaryotes: they look like glass  Amoeba they are protozoans single celled eukaryotes  Bacteria single-cell prokaryotes  Molds Fungi, there are single and multicellular eukaryotic cells  Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes How PENICILLIN was discoveredGram POSITIVE vs gram negative bacteria Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate between two groups of bacteria based on cell wall composition
 Penicillin targets the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. Some antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors, they inhibit prokaryotic ribosomes in the bacteria Ribosomes are needed to produce proteins
3 Comments
Hailey espinoza
9/11/2020 02:25:09 pm
When i think of a cell i think of kids toy blocks that are in all living things. Leave a Reply. |
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