Types of transportPassive transport requires no energy. Types of passive transport include simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.  Osmosis: movement of a solvent  Active TransportActive transport requires energy from the cell. The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes "uphill" - against a concentration gradient. To move these molecules against their concentration gradient, a carrier protein is needed. Endocytosis is a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell. Transport vesicles can move molecules between locations inside the cell, Example: proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. Facilitated diffusion carrier proteins and cell-membrane pumps both are specific for the kids of substances they transport Na goes out, K comes in Energy needed to power the sodium-potassium pump is provided by binding of ATP to the pump Pinocytosis is cell drinking Exocytosis is a way t release molecules, such as proteins Active Transport: needs ATP  Sodium Potassium PumpSodium-potassium pump exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions across the plasma membrane of animal cells.  Cells are Electrified Ion- an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Cation- a positively charged ion 
Salt in Water Salt Separates from Chlorine and goes through the Sodium Potassium Pump
 Min 3 Nerve Cells   Dendrites bring information in Axons take information out Nerves Connect To Muscles
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Structures of the Cell MembraneDIFFUSION: THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION OSMOSIS: THE DIFFUSION OF WATER MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION HYPERTONIC: A CONDITION IN WHICH A SOLUTION OR CELL CONTAINS A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES COMPARED TO ANOTHER SOLUTION OR CELL HYPOTONIC: A CONDITION IN WHICH A SOLUTION OR CELL CONTAINS A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES COMPARED TO ANOTHER SOLUTION OR CELL ISOTONIC: A CONDITION IN WHICH A SOLUTION OR CELL CONTAINS THE SAME CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES COMPARED TO ANOTHER SOLUTION OR CELL SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE: THE ABILITY TO ALLOW CERTAIN PARTICLES TO PASS THROUGH, BUT NOT OTHERS. IT IS OFTEN BASED ON PROPERTIES SUCH AS SIZE, CHARGE AND HYDROPHOBICITY CONCENTRATION: THE RELATIVE AMOUNT OF A SUBSTANCE CONTAINED IN AN AREA EQUILIBRIUM: A BALANCED CONDITION WHERE TWO AREAS HAVE THE SAME CONCENTRATION SOLUTE: A SUBSTANCE (TYPICALLY A SOLID) DISSOLVED IN ANOTHER SUBSTANCE, FOR INSTANCE SALT IN WATER SOLVENT: A SUBSTANCE (TYPICALLY A LIQUID) WHICH DISSOLVES ANOTHER SUBSTANCE, FOR INSTANCE WATER THAT DISSOLVES SALT IN ORDER TO FORM SALT WATER PLASMOLYSIS: THE SHRIVELING OF A CELL IN RESPONSE TO A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION CYTOLYSIS: THE SWELLING AND BURSTING OF A CELL IN RESPONSE TO A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION “SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE” MEMBRANE: A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE ALLOWS CERTAIN PARTICLES TO PASS THROUGH WHILE BLOCKING OTHERS. LARGE AND/OR CHARGED PARTICLES OFTEN NEED SPECIAL CHANNELS TO PASS THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE. DURING DIFFUSION, PARTICLES MOVE FROM AREAS OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AREAS OF LOWER CONCENTRATION. EVENTUALLY, THE CONCENTRATION WILL BE UNIFORM ACROSS THE AREA. DIFFUSION IS NOT LIMITED TO LIQUIDS; GASES CAN ALSO UNDERGO DIFFUSION. THIS INCLUDES METHANE GAS; THE SMELLY GAS THAT HUMANS AND OTHER MAMMALS PRODUCE WHEN THEY FART. EXPLAIN WHY IT’S FAR MORE UNPLEASANT TO SHARE AN ELEVATOR WITH A GASSY PERSON IN COMPARISON TO SHARING A LARGE ROOM. SLIPPERY, ICY ROADS CAN BE QUITE DANGEROUS. TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS, MANY AREAS SPREAD SALT OVER THE ROADS IN WINTER. THE SALT LOWERS THE FREEZING POINT OF WATER AND PREVENTS FALLING SNOW FROM FREEZING TO THE ASPHALT. HOWEVER, THE SALT CAN HAVE A DEVASTATING EFFECT ON PLANTS AND TREES GROWING NEAR THE ROADS. USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF TONICITY, EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS THE CASE: SALT WATER IS HYPERTONIC COMPARED TO PLANT CELLS, AND IS OFTEN WASHED OFF OF ROADS WHEN IT RAINS. WHEN THE SALTY WATER TOUCHES PLANTS, IT CAUSES WATER TO RUSH OUT OF THE PLANT CELLS. THE PLANT CELLS UNDERGO PLASMOLYSIS AND THE PLANT MAY DIE. BECAUSE OF THIS, NATIONAL PARKS AND AREAS WITH FRAGILE PLANT LIFE OFTEN LIMIT SALT USE ON THEIR ROADS IN WINTER. Osmosis: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. Reverse OsmosisDiffusionCell TransportCell Membrane Integral Membrane Proteins: These are structures present on the inside, outside, and also throughout the cell membrane. Examples of these structures include: the cadherins, integrins, clathrin-coated pits, desmosomes, caveoles, etc. Peripheral Membrane Proteins: These proteins are attached/bound to the surface of the membrane by means of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.  What is on the cell membrane?Cell Membranes work to:
Components of cell membrane Fluid Mosaic:
  A phospholipid has a polar, electrically charged head that attracts water and a non-polar tail which repels it The lipid bilayer is two phospholipids aligned tail to tail Proteins make sure that the right molecules get in and out of the cell Non-polar molecules can cross the cell membrane easily: carbon dioxide, oxygen, vitamins Polar and charged molecules cannot make it through the fatty inner layer Trans-membrane proteins: stretch across the bilayer to allow certain molecules through such as sodium and potassium ions Peculiar PlaceEggsperiment Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal. An eggshell is made primarily from calcium carbonate, the chemical compound which also makes up the majority of sea shells, as well as chalk and limestone. The shell isn’t completely solid – it has thousands of tiny pores, around 9,000 on average, which allow gases to pass in and out. Periodic Table of Elements  Eggshell nanostructureChemistry of eggshell and vinegarThe egg shell is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When calcium carbonate comes in contact with vinegar which contains acetic acid (CH3CO2H) a chemical reaction occurs. 2 CH3COOH + CaCO3 = H2CO3 + Ca(CH3COO)2 The carbonic acid breaks down to form carbon dioxide and water, H2CO3 = H2O + CO2 The shell is made up mostly of calcium carbonate.-- it contains calcium carbonate (94%), magnesium carbonate (1%), calcium phosphate (1%), and 4% organic matter-- vinegar which contains acetic acid will dissolve the shell. Salt CrystalsWe are conducting a class Eggsperiment  Finals will be December 17 and 18Here are the topics that will be covered in the test:
 A3: In Photosynthesis, plants transform light energy into chemical energy. Light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, into oxygen and glucose.
Cellular respiration
Happens in Mitochondria
Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms — both plants and animals — for nutrition.
Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied.
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April 2021
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