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12/9/2019

Sodium Potassium Pump

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Types of transport


Passive transport requires no energy. 

Types of passive transport include simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
​

Picture
https://sites.google.com/site/4thperiod2015phillipsj/home/part-1-physical-chemical-cellular-basis-of-life/passivetransport

​Osmosis: movement of a solvent

Picture

​https://www.best-ro-system.com/difference-from-filtration/


Active Transport



Active transport requires energy from the cell. The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes "uphill" - against a concentration gradient.

​To move these molecules against their concentration gradient, a carrier protein is needed.


Endocytosis is a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell. 

Transport vesicles can move molecules between locations inside the cell, Example: proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.


Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.

Facilitated diffusion carrier proteins and cell-membrane pumps both are specific for the kids of substances they transport

Na goes out, K comes in

Energy needed to power the sodium-potassium pump is provided by binding of ATP to the pump

Pinocytosis is cell drinking

Exocytosis is a way t release molecules, such as proteins


https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology/section/3.3/
​

https://www.ck12.org/biology/sodium-potassium-pump/lesson/Sodium-Potassium-Pump-BIO/?referrer=concept_details

Active Transport: needs ATP
​
Picture
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/membranes-and-transport/active-transport/a/active-transport

Sodium Potassium Pump



Sodium-potassium pump exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions across the plasma membrane of animal cells.
​
Picture
http://www.zerobio.com/central/na_k.htm

Cells are Electrified


Picture

Ion- an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Cation- a positively charged ion


Picture
https://chem.libretexts.org/
​
  • Atoms and molecules can form ions and carry positive or negative electrical charges.

  • There may also be an electrical gradient, or difference in charge, across a plasma membrane.
​
  • Living cells typically have a membrane potential, an electrical potential difference (voltage) across their cell membrane.
​

Salt in Water


Picture

​http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/genchem1/l21/1.html
​


Salt Separates from Chlorine and goes through the Sodium Potassium Pump


​
  • The sodium–potassium pump is found in many cell (plasma) membranes. Powered by ATP
 
  • The pump moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions
​
  • In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are removed from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell.
​
Picture
https://socratic.org/questions/how-does-the-sodium-potassium-pump-work
​

Min 3

Nerve Cells


Picture
https://www.topperlearning.com/answer/labeled-diagram-of-nerve-cell%20/wwudaicc
​

Picture

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse
​

Picture
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes2.htm


​Dendrites bring information in
Axons take information out



Nerves Connect To Muscles


Picture
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/guillain-barre-syndrome
​

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12/3/2019

Cell Membrane

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Structures of the Cell Membrane



​DIFFUSION: THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION

OSMOSIS: THE DIFFUSION OF WATER MOLECULES FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION

HYPERTONIC: A CONDITION IN WHICH A SOLUTION OR CELL CONTAINS A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES COMPARED TO ANOTHER SOLUTION OR CELL

HYPOTONIC: A CONDITION IN WHICH A SOLUTION OR CELL CONTAINS A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES COMPARED TO ANOTHER SOLUTION OR CELL

ISOTONIC: A CONDITION IN WHICH A SOLUTION OR CELL CONTAINS THE SAME CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES COMPARED TO ANOTHER SOLUTION OR CELL

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE: THE ABILITY TO ALLOW CERTAIN PARTICLES TO PASS THROUGH, BUT NOT OTHERS. IT IS OFTEN BASED ON PROPERTIES SUCH AS SIZE, CHARGE AND HYDROPHOBICITY

CONCENTRATION: THE RELATIVE AMOUNT OF A SUBSTANCE CONTAINED IN AN AREA

EQUILIBRIUM: A BALANCED CONDITION WHERE TWO AREAS HAVE THE SAME CONCENTRATION

SOLUTE: A SUBSTANCE (TYPICALLY A SOLID) DISSOLVED IN ANOTHER SUBSTANCE, FOR INSTANCE SALT IN WATER

SOLVENT: A SUBSTANCE (TYPICALLY A LIQUID) WHICH DISSOLVES ANOTHER SUBSTANCE, FOR INSTANCE WATER THAT DISSOLVES SALT IN ORDER TO FORM SALT WATER

PLASMOLYSIS: THE SHRIVELING OF A CELL IN RESPONSE TO A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

​CYTOLYSIS: THE SWELLING AND BURSTING OF A CELL IN RESPONSE TO A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
​
“SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE” MEMBRANE:

A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE ALLOWS CERTAIN PARTICLES TO PASS THROUGH WHILE BLOCKING OTHERS. LARGE AND/OR CHARGED PARTICLES OFTEN NEED SPECIAL CHANNELS TO PASS THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE.
​
DURING DIFFUSION, PARTICLES MOVE FROM AREAS OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AREAS OF LOWER CONCENTRATION. EVENTUALLY, THE CONCENTRATION WILL BE UNIFORM ACROSS THE AREA.
​
DIFFUSION IS NOT LIMITED TO LIQUIDS; GASES CAN ALSO UNDERGO DIFFUSION. THIS INCLUDES METHANE GAS; THE SMELLY GAS THAT HUMANS AND OTHER MAMMALS PRODUCE WHEN THEY FART. EXPLAIN WHY IT’S FAR MORE UNPLEASANT TO SHARE AN ELEVATOR WITH A GASSY PERSON IN COMPARISON TO SHARING A LARGE ROOM. 
​
SLIPPERY, ICY ROADS CAN BE QUITE DANGEROUS. TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS, MANY AREAS SPREAD SALT OVER THE ROADS IN WINTER. THE SALT LOWERS THE FREEZING POINT OF WATER AND PREVENTS FALLING SNOW FROM FREEZING TO THE ASPHALT. HOWEVER, THE SALT CAN HAVE A DEVASTATING EFFECT ON PLANTS AND TREES GROWING NEAR THE ROADS. USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF TONICITY, EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS THE CASE:

SALT WATER IS HYPERTONIC COMPARED TO PLANT CELLS, AND IS OFTEN WASHED OFF OF ROADS WHEN IT RAINS. WHEN THE SALTY WATER TOUCHES PLANTS, IT CAUSES WATER TO RUSH OUT OF THE PLANT CELLS. THE PLANT CELLS UNDERGO PLASMOLYSIS AND THE PLANT MAY DIE. BECAUSE OF THIS, NATIONAL PARKS AND AREAS WITH FRAGILE PLANT LIFE OFTEN LIMIT SALT USE ON THEIR ROADS IN WINTER. 
​

Osmosis: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.



Reverse Osmosis



Diffusion



Cell Transport



Cell Membrane


Picture

https://biologywise.com/cell-membrane-structure-function
​

Integral Membrane Proteins:
​

These are structures present on the inside, outside, and also throughout the cell membrane.

Examples of these structures include:
the cadherins, integrins, clathrin-coated pits, desmosomes, caveoles, etc.

Peripheral Membrane Proteins:
​

These proteins are attached/bound to the surface of the membrane by means of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions.


​
Picture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_edit2.svg
​


What is on the cell membrane? 



Cell Membranes work to:


  • Take in food
  • Remove waste
  • Let specific molecules in and out
  • Communicate with other cells
  • Gather information about the environment
  • Repair of cell membrane

Components of cell membrane Fluid Mosaic:


  • Hydrophobic fatty acid tail of phospholipid 
​
  • Hydrophilic head of phospholipid
​
  • Cholesterol:   keeps the membrane flexible, helps regulate communication between cells
 
  • Sugar side chain
​
  • Integral proteins: anchor the protein to the membrane
 
  • Peripheral proteins: float in the inner face of the bilayer and help anchor the membrane to the cell's interior scaffolding/ structure 
 
  • Secondary proteins
​
Picture

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane
​

Picture

​A phospholipid has a polar, electrically charged head that attracts water and a non-polar tail which repels it

The lipid bilayer is two phospholipids aligned tail to tail

​Proteins make sure that the right molecules get in and out of the cell

Non-polar molecules can cross the cell membrane easily: carbon dioxide, oxygen, vitamins

Polar and charged molecules cannot make it through the fatty inner layer

Trans-membrane proteins: stretch across the bilayer to allow certain molecules through such as sodium and potassium ions



Peculiar Place


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12/2/2019

Exploring Osmosis with the help of eggs

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Eggsperiment


Picture
https://www.compoundchem.com/2016/03/26/eggs/

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal.

An eggshell is made primarily from calcium carbonate, the chemical compound which also makes up the majority of sea shells, as well as chalk and limestone. 
​
The shell isn’t completely solid – it has thousands of tiny pores, around 9,000 on average, which allow gases to pass in and out.
​


Periodic Table of Elements


Picture
https://www.quora.com/Why-is-calcium-a-metal
​

Picture
https://www.britannica.com/science/calcium

Eggshell nanostructure



Chemistry of eggshell and vinegar



​The egg shell is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

When calcium carbonate comes in contact with 
vinegar which contains acetic acid (CH3CO2H) a chemical reaction occurs.


2 CH3COOH + CaCO3 = H2CO3 + Ca(CH3COO)2

The carbonic acid breaks down to form carbon dioxide and water,

H2CO3 = H2O + CO2


​The shell is made up mostly of calcium carbonate.-- it contains calcium carbonate (94%), magnesium carbonate (1%), calcium phosphate (1%), and 4% organic matter-- vinegar which contains acetic acid will dissolve the shell.

https://www.scienceofcooking.com/eggs/naked-egg-experiment.html

Salt Crystals 



We are conducting a class Eggsperiment


Picture
Picture

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12/2/2019

Final Exam is coming up

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Finals will be December 17 and 18



Here are the topics that will be covered in the test:



  • Organisms grow due to cell division
​
  • Q1: What is the reason living beings grow?

    Which of the following processes is directly responsible for growth in living organisms?
    ​
​
  • A1: Cell division, Mitosis
    The division of cells into two identical cells
​


  • Q2: What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
​
  • A2: Types of Cell Division:
    Mitosis is division of most cells it produces two identical sister cells that are diploid, they have two complete sets of chromosomes


    Meiosis is the production of sex cells (gametes) and produces  four haploid gametes ​
​
Picture
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-10-genetics-and-evolu/101-meiosis/meiosis-vs-mitosis.html


  • Q3: What is photosynthesis
Picture
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-photosynthesis/a/hs-photosynthesis-review

​A3: In Photosynthesis, plants  transform light energy into chemical energy.  Light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, into oxygen and glucose.


​
  • Q1: What is energy transfer? 
​
  • ​A4: The recombination of elements to form new products

    • Carbs break down into simple sugars
    • Proteins break down into amino acids
    • Fats break down into fatty acids and glycerol
    • Nucleic Acids break down into nucleotides
​


  • Q5: What are the main elements or building blocks of life in organic chemistry?
​
  • A5: The main elements of life are Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
​


  • Q6: What are trophic levels?
​
  • A6: The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the food chain.

    A group of food chains is a food web. 

    Trophic level 1 is primary producers such as plants, level 2 is herbivores, level 3 is carnivores, level 4 or 5 is major predators.
​


  • Q7: What is DNA made of and what is the shape of DNA
​

​
  • Q8: How are proteins made?
​
  • A8: Protein synthesis is done through translation. After DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during transcription, the mRNA must be translated to produce a protein. In translation, mRNA along with transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes work together to produce proteins, chains of amino acids.


  • Q9: What is a protein

  • A9: Proteins are large molecules that our cells need to function properly.​ 
  • They consist of amino acids. 
  • Hemoglobin, a carrier of oxygen in the blood, is a protein.
​

​
  • Q10: The structure hierarchy: cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms
​
  • ​A10: cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms
​

​
  • Q11: Ways to maintain homeostasis 
​
  • A11: 
    • Temperature. The body must maintain a relatively constant temperature. ...
    • Glucose. 
    • Toxins. Toxins in the blood can disrupt the body's homeostasis. ...
    • Blood Pressure. The body must maintain healthy levels of blood pressure. ...
    • pH
​

​
  • Q12: What are: Chemical equation inputs and outputs, reactants and products
​
  • ​A12: The inputs, or reactants, of cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. 
    The outputs, or products, of cellular respiration are water, carbon dioxide.
​

​
  • Q13: What does cell respiration make?​
​
  • A13: Cell respiration makes ATP

Cellular respiration
  • Glycolysis (the break down of glucose)
  • Link reaction.
  • Krebs cycle.
  • Electron transport chain, or ETC.

Happens in Mitochondria


​
  • ​Q14: What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
​
  • A14: Aerobic uses oxygen, Anaerobic does not use oxygen
       
  • Fermentation in anaerobic

​
  • ​Q15: What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
​
  • A15: Autotroph vs. Heterotroph. Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis).

​Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms — both plants and animals — for nutrition.



  • Q16: How do we explain Biomass and conservation of energy in a food web?
​
  • A16: Within all biological communities, energy at each trophic level is lost in the form of heat (as much as 80 to 90 percent), as organisms expend energy for metabolic processes such as staying warm and digesting food
​


  • Q17: Cycles move within the: biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere
​
  • ​A17: The four spheres are the geosphere (all the rock on Earth), hydrosphere (all the water on Earth), atmosphere (all the gases surrounding Earth), and biosphere (all the living things on Earth).
​

​​
  • Q18: What happens when an ecosystem changes?

  • A18: Balance, Equilibrium, hopefully​
    • Growth of new or different vegetation
    • Weather changes
    • Erosion 
    • Changes in the populations that live there
    • Climate Change
​

​
  • Q19: What is osmosis?

  • A19: Osmosis is the movement of water or other solvent through a plasma membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.​
​
  • Water moves to salt or sugar.

Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied.

​
  • Q20: What are parts of the cell membrane?
​
  • A20: Semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

    • Phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
    • Channel Proteins to allow specific molecules in
    • Aquaporins for water
    • Sodium Potassium Pump for active transport
    • Cholesterol

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    Author: Jazmin Gannon

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