December 2018 Final Exam |
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It naturally allows non-polar particles (fat-soluble molecules) like oxygen (O2) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) to move down the concentration gradient: from high
concentration to low concentration. Some proteins allow molecules in without needing
to use energy because they are following the concentration gradient flow (high to low).
How does the cell membrane move particles up the concentration gradient/ from low
concentration to high concentration?
a. enzymes
b. active transport proteins in the cell membrane use energy,
(ATP, cell energy) to move the molecule
c. Mystical doorways with magical powers
d. neurons
carbon dioxide (CO2) to move down the concentration gradient: from high
concentration to low concentration. Some proteins allow molecules in without needing
to use energy because they are following the concentration gradient flow (high to low).
How does the cell membrane move particles up the concentration gradient/ from low
concentration to high concentration?
a. enzymes
b. active transport proteins in the cell membrane use energy,
(ATP, cell energy) to move the molecule
c. Mystical doorways with magical powers
d. neurons
11. Cells multiply through mitosis and meiosis, what is the difference?
12. What is a haploid cell? How is it different from a diploid cell?
13. How do organisms grow and develop?
14. What is a stem cell?
a. A cell that only exists in plants
b. A cell that can turn into many different types of cells
c. A blood cell
d. All of the above
12. What is a haploid cell? How is it different from a diploid cell?
13. How do organisms grow and develop?
14. What is a stem cell?
a. A cell that only exists in plants
b. A cell that can turn into many different types of cells
c. A blood cell
d. All of the above
15. How can stem cell therapy change medicine in the near future?
16. In botany, a stoma, also called a stomata, is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves,
stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.
They will help the plant stay cool and hydrated in the heat of summer by holding
water in, that are the stoma doing for plants?
a. Maintain homeostasis in the plant
b. Absorb water
c. Attract pollinators
d. Removing waste
stems, and other organs, that facilitates gas exchange.
They will help the plant stay cool and hydrated in the heat of summer by holding
water in, that are the stoma doing for plants?
a. Maintain homeostasis in the plant
b. Absorb water
c. Attract pollinators
d. Removing waste
17. What do DNA and RNA stand for?
a. Donuts with apples and river news updates
b. Do not adapt and really neat antiques
c. deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
d. None of the above
a. Donuts with apples and river news updates
b. Do not adapt and really neat antiques
c. deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
d. None of the above
18. DNA is made of nucleotides. What are the four different nucleotides?
a. Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, or Guanine
b. Tomato, cacao, apple, guava
c. Tyrosine, Cytonine, Alabasternine, Goosefeathernine
d. None of these
19. What is an example of an input and output of matter and the
transfer and transformation of energy?
a. Plants absorbing light to make sugars through photosynthesis
b. Animals eating food and digesting it
c. Plankton photosynthesizing and being the base of the entire food chain of the planet
d. All of the above
a. Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, or Guanine
b. Tomato, cacao, apple, guava
c. Tyrosine, Cytonine, Alabasternine, Goosefeathernine
d. None of these
19. What is an example of an input and output of matter and the
transfer and transformation of energy?
a. Plants absorbing light to make sugars through photosynthesis
b. Animals eating food and digesting it
c. Plankton photosynthesizing and being the base of the entire food chain of the planet
d. All of the above
20. The initial source of energy for all organisms is the ________________.
21. What do mushrooms do?
a. Decompose
b. Absorb petroleum
c. Replacewood, disposable items, packing materials
d. All of the above
21. What do mushrooms do?
a. Decompose
b. Absorb petroleum
c. Replacewood, disposable items, packing materials
d. All of the above
22. What is this?
a. A trophic level pyramid and It shows the position of an organism in a food chain,
this is how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
b. A food pyramid
c. A chart of what we need to eat more of
d. None of the above
this is how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
b. A food pyramid
c. A chart of what we need to eat more of
d. None of the above
23. Which organisms produce their own food?
a. Autotrophs
b. Heterotrophs
c. Primary consumers
d. Secondary consumers
a. Autotrophs
b. Heterotrophs
c. Primary consumers
d. Secondary consumers
24. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
a. People should be exercising 3 times a week for 30 to 60 minutes
b. Aerobic means it needs oxygen while anaerobic does not need oxygen
c. Some molecules like to lift weight
d. One is in animals while the other is in plants
a. People should be exercising 3 times a week for 30 to 60 minutes
b. Aerobic means it needs oxygen while anaerobic does not need oxygen
c. Some molecules like to lift weight
d. One is in animals while the other is in plants
25. What happens to ecosystems when the environment changes?
a. All living beings try their best to adapt and survive, they might move to
another area if possible, they try a different food source and adopt orphaned babies
b. Nothing, it all just evolves and changes really fast, it is the miracle of life
c. Extinction
d. All of the above
a. All living beings try their best to adapt and survive, they might move to
another area if possible, they try a different food source and adopt orphaned babies
b. Nothing, it all just evolves and changes really fast, it is the miracle of life
c. Extinction
d. All of the above
26. When we breathe out we release carbon dioxide (CO2), plants use CO2 to make
sugars through photosynthesis and release Oxygen (O2) in the process,
we need oxygen to live. This is part of the carbon cycle.
Which human activity would have the greatest impact of the carbon cycle?
a. Deforestation
b. Gold mining
c. Petroleum extraction
d. Fracking
sugars through photosynthesis and release Oxygen (O2) in the process,
we need oxygen to live. This is part of the carbon cycle.
Which human activity would have the greatest impact of the carbon cycle?
a. Deforestation
b. Gold mining
c. Petroleum extraction
d. Fracking
27. True or False: Scientists believe that phytoplankton contribute between
50 to 85 percent of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.
50 to 85 percent of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.
28. Which of the following could increase conservation of water in New Mexico?
a. Improve systems of agricultural irrigation
b. Reduce the amount of land covered by grass and lawns
c. Reduce residential water use
d. All of the above
a. Improve systems of agricultural irrigation
b. Reduce the amount of land covered by grass and lawns
c. Reduce residential water use
d. All of the above
29. How do we connect art and biology? What are some ways in which we do this
and what are some ways in which we could do this?
and what are some ways in which we could do this?
30. We have technology that can save the planet, do you think we will start using it more?
What are some changes that you see in the near future?
What are some changes that you see in the near future?
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blubber
The temperature of the surface of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant, near the freezing point of seawater. Because the Arctic Ocean consists of saltwater, the temperature must reach −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) before freezing occurs.
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Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Monomer: building block
Lipids: fatty acid and glycerol
Blubber: is a thick layer of fat, also called adipose tissue, directly under the skin of all marine mammals.
Blubber covers the entire body of animals such as seals, whales, and walruses—except for their fins, flippers, and flukes.
Blubber an important part of a marine mammal's anatomy.
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Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community made up of living organisms and nonliving components such as air, water, and mineral soil. Ecosystems can be studied in two different ways. They can be thought of as interdependent collections of plants and animals, or as structured systems and communities governed by general rules
sea otter
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BIO-MIMICRY inspired a wet suit
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seal or sealion, walrus
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sea birds
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location of iceland
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forage fish
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| Atlantic Herring | Butterfish |
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puffin, and other sea bird phylogenetic tree
auklets, guillemots...
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bycatch, death by ACCIDENTAL fishing industry impact
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seabird nesting
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indian ocean archipelago
bird circulatory system
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Endothermic: Generating internal heat to moderate body temperature, examples: modern birds and mammals.
Ectothermic: Relying on the environment and behavior to regulate body temperature, typical reptiles.
Mesotherm: intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms, examples: shark, echidna
Red Blood Cell: A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
Ectothermic: Relying on the environment and behavior to regulate body temperature, typical reptiles.
Mesotherm: intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms, examples: shark, echidna
Red Blood Cell: A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
penguins
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penguin phylogeny
People frequently ask if penguins and puffins are related.
Although both are birds that share a similar black and white feather coloration and a love of fish for breakfast, penguins belong to the family Spheniscidae, and puffins belong to the family Alcidae.
Although both are birds that share a similar black and white feather coloration and a love of fish for breakfast, penguins belong to the family Spheniscidae, and puffins belong to the family Alcidae.
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Taxonomy: is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genus, Species
Paleocene Penguin
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- 1.5 meter penguin
- 4.92126 feet
- For an approximate result, multiply the length value by 3.281
- Fossils have melanocytes
- Melanocytes: melanin producing cells
- Melanin is contained in special organelles called melanosomes which can be transported to nearby keratinocytes to induce pigmentation
- Melanosomes: are responsible for color and photoprotection in animal cells and tissues.
- found in melanophores or chromatophores, remember the squid colors?
- Melanin: natural pigments found in most organisms. Melanin is produced by the oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine, followed by polymerization.
- light-absorbing pigment
- Tyrosinase: an enzyme, controlling the production of melanin
- copper-containing enzyme present in plant and animal tissues that catalyzes the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation
- Oxidase: an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction, especially one involving dioxygen (O2)
Melanocytes have melanosomes which produce melanin by the oxidation of tyrosine using and enzyme called tyrosinase
The melanosomes are transported to keratinocytes to induce pigmentation in hair.
Hair is made of keratin, the protein
These cells were found in the penguin fossil
types of penguins now
where do they live?
ANTARCTICA is south, arctic circle is north
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how do they stay warm?
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They live in-40 C to -50 C Weather
- (-40°F − 32) × 5/9 = -40°C
- (-50°F − 32) × 5/9 = -45.56°C
- 0 C is 32 F
- (32°F − 32) × 5/9 = 0°C
- At the South Pole, the highest temperature ever recorded was −12.3 °C
- (9.86°F − 32) × 5/9 = -12.3°C
- The coldest temperature recorded in Antarctica was -89.6°C
- (-128.2°F − 32) × 5/9 = -89°C
- Water usually freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius,
- Blubber helps penguins stay warm
- reduce blood flow to feet and hands
- veins for warm blood to enter, cold blood to exit
- they keep feet cold, just above freezing
- and being close together
- and taking turns with being on the edge
- when oxygen binds to hemoglobin it releases heat, exothermic
- when oxygen leaves hemoglobin it gives out heat, endothermic
- Delta H, Delta Heat: the difference between energy given out and energy required
- penguins have a low Delta H
- very little energy is lost through binding and unbinding of hemoglobin
- they don't lose much heat through feet
arctic communities
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what about sharks?
Ocean biology
ocean plants
- Kelp: Grows in cold coastal waters. It is the largest marine plant in the world and can reach up to 250 feet. Kelp is also the fastest-growing plant in the world. Kelp is typically brown and lives on the surface of the ocean.
- Seaweed: Phytoplankton that floats on the surface of the ocean.
- Seagrass: Seagrass grows in shallow water because it needs lots of sunlight. They are Flowering underwater plants (they're actually plants, with roots in the ocean floor), and there are over 70 different species around the world.
- Red Algae: Red algae grows in warm tropical water. This tropical ocean plant has been growing in oceans for more than 500 million years. Red algae are red, because of the pigment phycoerythrin; this pigment reflects red light and absorbs blue light. Because blue light penetrates water to a greater depth than light of longer wavelengths, these pigments allow red algae to photosynthesize.
- Coral and Algae: Coral is not a plant; it is an animal organism. However, coral reefs get their color from the many species of algae that live on the surface of the coral. Coral polyps are translucent or white. Algae attaches itself to the coral and feeds the coral, which eats the nutrients created as byproducts of the algae's photosynthesis.
- Coralline Algae: Very fine filaments that grow over rocks. These plants may seem more like rocks than plants, and they are as hard as cement. Coralline algae helps support the structure of coral reefs. They do this by forming a hard crust that fills in the fragments and gaps between pieces of coral to form reefs.
ocean food chain
trophic levels
canada food chain
under the ice
Sympagic fauna: include bacteria and fungi, as well as animals like flatworms and crustaceans
Phytoplankton: plankton consisting of microscopic plants
Zooplankton: plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals.
Benthos: the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as the benthic zone.
Phytoplankton: plankton consisting of microscopic plants
Zooplankton: plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals.
Benthos: the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as the benthic zone.
what is a protein?
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- Proteins are chains of amino acids
- Stomach acids uncoil protein
- Protein digestion begins with the action of an enzyme called pepsin. Pepsin acts on protein molecules by breaking the peptide bonds that hold the molecules together.
- Enzymes take polypeptide chain and break down the chain of amino acids into dipeptides and tripeptides
- Further breakdown into individual amino acids
- Go in the blood stream, absorbed across intestinal cell lining
cell membrane transport
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Glycolysis: no oxygen needed, anaerobic, the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Intermediate stage: Pyruvates enter mitochondria, release CO2
Citric Acid Cycle: produces ATP, NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Electron Transport Chain: Produce more ATP, in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Intermediate stage: Pyruvates enter mitochondria, release CO2
Citric Acid Cycle: produces ATP, NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Electron Transport Chain: Produce more ATP, in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Sponges filter water for food
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jellyfish
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types of fish
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types of shark
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eels
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whales
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how protein is made in a cell
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protein synthesis
Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.
There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein.
The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation.
Transcription: takes the information encoded in DNA and encodes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell's nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
Translation: the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins.
RNA: ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
Nucleic Acid: a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
Nucleotide: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.
Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
The four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil
adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). ...
These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine.
The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom.
Each nucleotide base can hydrogen-bond with a specific partner base in a process known as complementary base pairing: Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine. These hydrogen-bonded nitrogenous bases are often referred to as base pairs.
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
RNA polymerase: is an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNAsequence, duyring the process of transcription.
mRNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
Ribosome: made of rRNA, The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA molecules.
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA): is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
Codon: a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Complementary Antiocodon: The anticodon region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA. During translation , the bases of theanticodon form complementary base pairs witht the bases of the codon by forming the appropriate hydrogen bonds.
Nucleotides: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
Stop Codon: (or terminationcodon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins. Proteins are based on polypeptides, which are unique sequences of amino acids.
There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein.
The synthesis of proteins takes two steps: transcription and translation.
Transcription: takes the information encoded in DNA and encodes it into mRNA, which heads out of the cell's nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
Translation: the mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesize proteins.
RNA: ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
Nucleic Acid: a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
Nucleotide: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.
Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
The four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil
adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). ...
These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine.
The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together. A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom.
Each nucleotide base can hydrogen-bond with a specific partner base in a process known as complementary base pairing: Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine, and adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine. These hydrogen-bonded nitrogenous bases are often referred to as base pairs.
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
RNA polymerase: is an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNAsequence, duyring the process of transcription.
mRNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
Ribosome: made of rRNA, The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA molecules.
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA): is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
Codon: a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Complementary Antiocodon: The anticodon region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA. During translation , the bases of theanticodon form complementary base pairs witht the bases of the codon by forming the appropriate hydrogen bonds.
Nucleotides: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
Stop Codon: (or terminationcodon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins. Proteins are based on polypeptides, which are unique sequences of amino acids.
protein synthesis
pigments in the ocean
Chromatophores
Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes for coloration.
Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour (more properly "hue")
The key enzyme in melanin synthesis is tyrosinase.
Tyrosinase also impairs sight, taste, and smell in octopus ink
When this protein is defective, no melanin can be generated resulting in certain types of albinism.
Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour (more properly "hue")
- under white light: xanthophores (yellow)
- erythrophores (red)
- iridophores (reflective / iridescent)
- leucophores (white)
- melanophores (black/brown)
- cyanophores (blue).
The key enzyme in melanin synthesis is tyrosinase.
Tyrosinase also impairs sight, taste, and smell in octopus ink
When this protein is defective, no melanin can be generated resulting in certain types of albinism.
cnidarian Poisons
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Nematocysts: a specialized cell in the tentacles of a jellyfish or other coelenterate, containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread that can be projected in self-defense or to capture prey
Nematocysts are produced by nematoblasts, or cnidoblasts, and are used for capturing and paralyzing prey or for defense. Each nematocyst contains a coiled, hollow thread that can have barbs or spines and often contains poison.
Nematocysts are produced by nematoblasts, or cnidoblasts, and are used for capturing and paralyzing prey or for defense. Each nematocyst contains a coiled, hollow thread that can have barbs or spines and often contains poison.
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The Octopus and cuttlefish
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starfish
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phylogenetic trees
artist memory jog
Ernst Haeckel: Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species.
puffer fish
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how mammals live in the ocean
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Dolphins that live in freshwater
eco-friendly building materials that do not kill the Amazon Rainforest
Ecolocation
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whale communication
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what is sound?
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happy monday!
Author: Jazmin Gannon
A place to grow
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