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11/19/2019

Cell Membrane Diffusion and Transport

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Mangrove Biology


Picture
https://mangrovebiomes.weebly.com/
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Mangrove seed are designed to fall into the water and drift or get stuck in the soil and start growing


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https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/pldec398.htm
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​https://www.earthtouchnews.com/natural-world/natural-world/a-mangrove-forest/
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​https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/mangroves


Organic Chemistry is Based on Carbon


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https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-chemical-element
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Types of Chemical Bonds


Picture
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structures-of-selected-

Mangrove FOrests Are an Example of a Carbon Sink


Picture
http://www.jeremiahjamescreates.com/mangrove-ecosystem-illustration/
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http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/mangroves-condition
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Mangrove Ecosystems are FOund All Over the World


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​https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/47427/mapping-mangroves-by-satellite
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https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/continents-of-the-world.html
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The continents were Closer Together in the past


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https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-was-the-gondwana-supercontinent.html
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Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/science/supercontinent

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https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386a/gallery2-fig30.html


Mangrove Leaves Excrete Salt


Picture

​https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/plants-algae/mangroves


Salt Crosses the Cell Membranes of Cells and goes from the water to the surface of the leaf


Picture

https://www.slideshare.net/SECBIO/osmosis-diffusion-active-transport
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Mangroves Adapted to Sea Water



Osmosis and Diffusion



Cell Membrane Structure



Active and Passive Transport



The Ecosystem of the Mangrove Forest has Adapted to Salt and Land as Nature Transitions from Sea to Soil



https://floridadep.gov/rcp/rcp/content/floridas-mangroves
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PBS Kids Game Suggestion for younger Family Members


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https://pbskids.org/plumlanding/educators/context/make_a_mangrove.html
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Prawn and Shrimp Farming is Destroying the Mangroves


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https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/farmed-shrimp

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https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/farmed-shrimp
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SHRIMP IS VALUABLE

​Shrimp is the most valuable traded marine product in the world today. In 2005, farmed shrimp was a 10.6 billion industry. Today, production is growing at an approximate rate of 10 percent annually—one of the highest growth rates in aquaculture.


Mangrove Forests are Destroyed to Build Hotels: Ecocide


Picture
https://corporatewatch.org/ecocide-of-mangrove-swamps-bringing-catastrophes

Mangroves Protect the Coast From Erosion Better than ANy human made Building,
​Protecting MAngroves is Good for Business


Picture

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-giving-trees-madagascar-180960865/


Protect Mangroves to Save the Coastlines


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https://www.weadapt.org/knowledge-base/disasters-and-climate-change/
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Mangroves and COral Reefs Attract Tourism and Produce Food for half a Billion People, this is the Birthplace of 75% of Tropical Fish. 
​
​Be eco-friendly because it keeps Capitalism Going


Picture

​https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/Marine/crr/library/Documents/GlobalMangrovesRiskReductionSummaryReport10.7291/V9930RBC.pdf
http://theconversation.com/coral-reefs-provide-flood-protection-worth-1-8-billion-every-year-its-time-to-protect-them-116636
​


Nature's Hurricane Insurance



​If insurance companies invested in protecting the mangrove forest, they would save money, big money

Picture

https://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/climate-change-pushes-floridas-mangroves-north
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EROSION HAs Been Part of the Experience of the Coast for MILLENNIA 


The first occurrences in the fossil record of most mangrove genera and many genera of gastropods associated with mangrove forests appear around the Tethys Sea from the Late Cretaceous through the Early Tertiary.  Around 60 Million Years Ago.
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1466-822X.1999.00126.x
​

Picture
https://www.universetoday.com/79271/tertiary-period/

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11/18/2019

Mangrove Forest Carbon Trapping

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Mangroves


A mangrove is a shrub or small evergreen tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. 

They live on Saltwater and take in tons of Carbon Dioxide

They save the coastline from erosion 


Picture

http://www.jeremiahjamescreates.com/mangrove-ecosystem-illustration/
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Picture

https://blog.nature.org/science/2013/10/11/new-science-mangrove-forests-carbon-store-map/
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Here is a Map of Where they Live


Picture

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/47427/mapping-mangroves-by-satellite


Blue Carbon



Blue carbon is the term for carbon captured by the world's ocean and coastal ecosystems.
​

Picture
Blue Carbon is along the coast
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https://reefresilience.org/blue-carbon/blue-carbon-introduction/

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https://www.resilience.org/stories/2018-11-28/blue-carbon-an-effective-climate-mitigation-and-drawdown

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​Sea grasses, mangroves, and salt marshes along our coast "capture and hold" carbon, acting as something called a carbon sink. 


Carbon SInk


Picture
http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/mangroves-condition
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http://mangrovesforfiji.com/mangroves/carbon-sequestration/
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Picture
https://ecoviva.org/7-reasons-mangroves-matter/

Biosequesters



Mangrove forests are biosequesters. 

Biosequestration is the process of capturing and storing carbon in living organisms such as plants and algae
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Picture
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/biological-sequestration-biosequestration-concept-importance-and-need-1511521543-1
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Picture
https://www.greenfleet.com.au/ARCHIVE/Biosequestration

Sink and SOurce


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Biomass is Kept Underground


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https://reefresilience.org/blue-carbon/blue-carbon-introduction/
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Picture
https://blog.nature.org/science/2013/10/11/new-science-mangrove-forests-carbon-
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PROTECTING the mangrove forest Protects The World 


Picture
https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/sci0030lg.jpeg

Mangrove Destruction


https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/biodiversity/mangroves-the-roots-of-the-sea/mangrove-threats-and-solutions

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11/13/2019

Coral Reef Protein Synthesis and neighboring Mangroves

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Key Words


Protein Synthesis

Stem Cells

Mitosis

Cell Differentiation

Trophic levels

Food Web

Coral Reef

Mangroves
​

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)



A protein is a chain of amino acids

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is made up of 
Amino Acids:

S65 (Serine 65), Y66 (Tyrosine 66), and G67 (Glycine 67)

When these amino acids are close together and are exposed to oxygen they release energy and this fluoresces
​
min 3:00

GFP as a Reporter Gene




About the starfish and the regeneration of the body



​During embryonic development, most of an animal's cells take on a particular identity--they become blood cells, lung cells, bone cells, or whatever.

This is called 
differentiation, and differentiated cells almost always keep their new identities forever.

A special type of cell called a 
stem cell sometimes remains behind without a particular identity. Stem cells can be thought of as "permanently immature" cells that can decide later what fate to take on. (Stem cells in your skin are what make you able to heal after you've been cut or bruised.)
​
Starfish, if you ever look closely at one, have a central region of the body from which the limbs arise. If a limb is severed, a new one (small) appears in the central region, and extends outward. I also know that starfish limbs can regenerate the central region (and thus all of the other limbs) as well.
​

http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=681

COral Reef Ecosystems are connected to Mangroves


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Mangrove forests are coastal wetlands that create a sanctuary for an extraordinary range of creatures, 3/4 of all tropical fish are born here and countless reptiles and birds call this ecosystem home. They filter nutrients and toxins out of the water, provide protection in extreme weather, and are one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet.
​


Mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs work as a single system that keeps coastal zones healthy. Mangroves provide essential habitat for thousands of species. They also stabilize shorelines, preventing erosion and protecting the land — and the people who live there — from waves and storms. The reefs protect the seagrass beds and mangroves from strong ocean waves.
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https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/biodiversity/mangroves-the-roots-of-the-sea/why-mangroves-matter
Picture
https://birdsheadseascape.com/conservation-science/mangrove-and-seagrass-beds
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Mangrove Forests Reduce Erosion from Harsh Weather


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11/11/2019

Coral Reef Ecosystem

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Trophic Levels in the Ocean


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What is Coral?



Where are the Coral Reef Ecosystems?


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https://time.com/coral/

Coral Reef Organisms


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coral-reef-illustration-key.pdf
File Size: 763 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File


https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/marine-food-webs/

​

Activity:

Select 6 organisms from the food web and learn more about them.
​


For each of them find:

  • common name of organism
  • list of predators, if applicable
  • list of prey, if applicable

Consider and answer the following:

  • Which species are only predators? Which are only prey? Which are both?
  • What would happen to the food web if one species were to become endangered or extinct? Which species would be affected? Which ecosystem would be affected?
  • Why is phytoplankton so important to marine food webs?
  • What happens to the amount of energy/biomass that is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
  • What roles do humans play in marine food webs?
​
How can human actions upset the balance of an ocean ecosystem?
​

Parts of the Coral Reef Food Web


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Abiotic Factors in a Coral Reef
Abiotic factors can impact the health and development of a coral reef
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Coral Reef Food Web Primary Producers
The primary producers in a coral reef food web include plants and seaweed

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Coral Reef Food Web Primary Producers to First Order Consumers
Energy produced by producers in a coral reef food web flows to first-order consumers.


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Coral Reef Food Web First Order Consumers to Intermediate Predators

Intermediate predators prey on first-order consumers in this coral reef food web.
​

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Coral Reef Food Web Intermediate Predators to Top Predators
Top predators prey on intermediate predators in this coral reef food

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​Coral Reef Food Web: Decomposers
Decomposers are an integral part of food webs.
​


Article Reading


https://time.com/coral/

Human Activity Puts Ocean Ecosystems at Risk



​A more stressful environment can lead to less disease resistance


Stem Cells have the DNA Code for the entire starfish and divide through mitosis



Coral Reef Restoration



More Eco-friendly Energy Production



Solar Power:
https://www.ecowatch.com/freezing-temperatures-us-2641328301.html?fbclid=IwAR1yL2cBAP9bZSXR5NtCNQ7vzhrjL6waER58R-KntQXCEkDMAcu_ezd3OVM 


Protein SYnthesis in Coral


Green fluorescent protein, or GFP is used by corals to glow and reflect sunlight and this is a good opportunity to review protein synthesis.
​


GFP in Coral:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381437/



Weather PatTerns


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11/7/2019

Biology Panel Project

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Panel Project Due November 12


Essential Question:

What is Art?

In nature there are patterns that create spirals in all that we see.  

Atoms arrange themselves according to polarity and symmetry to create balanced latices of matter.  What we are able to see is the result of vibrating molecules that are made up of elements from the Periodic Table of Elements, most of matter is empty space.

What is art in biology? Is it the growth of populations, the arrangement of cells in a flower? 
The flow of electricity?  Biomimicry in technology?

Choose one way to see biology as art.

Write two sentences answering the question: 
“What is art?” using examples from your chosen way to see biology as art.

Create an artifact that represents your way to see biology as art, it may be a poster, presentation, sculpture, video, any mode of expression that you want.

Examples:

Spirals in nature, Fibonacci Sequence                           Colors in nature

Population growth charts                                                Art in chemical structures

Arrangements of animal communities                           Ways to expand surface area

Types of dwellings in nature                                           Geometry in storms and weather patterns

Create a 3 minute presentation for class that explains the subject that you chose and how it answers the question What is art?


Presentation dates:

Juniors November 13th
Sophomores will give panel presentations on November 20th
Freshmen will present on December 4th

​

Ideas


Geometry in nature:

http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/nervous-system-health
Picture
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2209-counting-penguins-from-space

Color in Biology:

http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/color-spectrum 


​Engineer Teens:

http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/engineer-teens



​Community building through sustainable energy and building materials:

http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/sustainable-energy



​The art of taking care of bees:


http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/bees



​Building community through sustainable food production:


http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/future-of-food



​Art and Sustainability:


http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/sustainability-ideas



Earthship Housing
​

​Color and Sound
​

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11/5/2019

Food Chain in Coral Reef

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Coral Reef Ecosystem


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11/5/2019

Midterm Exam

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1. Which of the following processes is directly responsible for growth in living organisms? 

    a. The division of cells into two identical cells 

    b. The movement of water across a cell membrane 
   
    c. The production of reproductive cells called gametes 

    d. The exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide


2. DNA replication is an important part of cellular division because correct replication– 

    a. ensures that identical and complete genetic information is passed to 
         both daughter cells. 


    b. produces mutations that usually are advantageous for the survival of the 
         organism. 
   
    c. combines sperm and egg to form a zygote that will develop into a new  

        organism. 

    d. communicates information about the cellular environment to adjacent 
        cells.


3.  Which of the following observations would support the claim that DNA determines the
      structure of proteins produced by cells? 


    a. Organisms that produce proteins have different lengths of DNA. 

    b. Similar DNA sequences are found in organisms that produce the same 
        protein. 


    c. Both DNA and the production of proteins was observed in early life 
         forms. 

    d. DNA is found in the nucleus of all cells that produce proteins.


4. Albumin is a protein produced in the liver of both pigs and humans. Based on this 
    
information, what other similarity can we predict between these two organisms?

    Both organisms–

    a. have more complex DNA than organisms that do not produce albumin.

    b. have DNA that codes for globulin, another protein found in the liver.

    c. produce new sequences of DNA in the same region of their livers.

    d. share a similar sequence in one section of their DNA


5.  As living systems use energy they also transform matter. All of these matter
    transformations are the result of living systems– 


    a. recombining elements in different ways to form new products. 
   
    b. changing inorganic elements into new elements that are useful. 


    c. removing the electric charge on large molecules to gain energy. 

    d. using energy to break the bonds of organic compounds.


6. Sugar produced as a result of photosynthesis is made up of which of the following
    elements? 


    a. Hydrogen, Magnesium, Carbon 

    b. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 

    c. Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen 

    d. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calciu


7. Which of the following provides the best evidence that living things use and recombine
    carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to form molecules for new cells? 


    a. The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are among the most common 
        elements in the universe, but are not the most common elements on Earth. 

    b. The cells of living things contain molecules made of the elements carbon, 
        hydrogen, and oxygen, the same elements found in the glucose consumed 
        by living things. 


    c. The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are able to bond with each 
        other to form complex molecules that are chains of repeating structures. 

    d. The relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found in the 
         earth’s atmosphere have changed over the history of the planet.

​
8. Which of the following statements regarding the energy produced during cellular
​    respiration is most accurate?


    a. The majority of the energy produced is lost to the environment as heat.
   
    b. The energy must be transferred across the cell membrane to be used.

   
    c. The energy produced must be stored in specialized organelles within the 

        cell.
   
    d. The amount of energy produced is greater than the amount of energy 

        required.


9.
Picture
Which of the following organisms is part of the trophic level with the greatest amount of stored energy? 

    a. Vulture 

    b. Wildebeest 

    c. Termite 

    d. Red oat grass

​
10. As energy is transferred between trophic levels, only a small fraction of the available 
     energy is transferred. How can this observation be explained, taking into account 
     the law of conservation of energy? 

    a. Organic systems do not demonstrate the conservation of energy. 

    b. Organisms, even after death, continue to store energy in organic molecules. 

    c. Since biomass increases at higher levels, the concentration of energy is the 
         same. 

    d. The unused energy is lost as heat through metabolic processes.

​
11. Shown here is an incomplete chemical equation for the reaction known
    as 
photosynthesis. 

                          6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy →6O2 + _______ 

  Which of the following substances correctly completes the equation? 

    a. Water 

    b. Carbon dioxide 

    c. Glucose 

​    d. Oxygen


​12. Which of the following statements is true? 

    a. Heterotrophs produce their own food. 

    b. Autotrophs take in nutrients from outside themselves. 

    c. Consumers are heterotrophs. 

    d. Consumers are autotrophs


​13. The structure, properties, and transformations of matter can best be explained by 
      which of the following? 

    a. The way in which electromagnetic radiation interacts with different 
        substances 

    b. Gravitational forces from the environment on subatomic particles 

    c. The number of atoms of an element in one mole of that substance 

​    d. Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic level

​
​14.  The diagram here is called a trophic pyramid. It shows trophic levels of a grassland 
      habitat. The size of each trophic level represents biomass, with producers 
      representing the largest amount of biomass.

Picture
Which of the following best explains the unique shape of the trophic pyramid? 

    a. The higher levels of the pyramid are smaller due to human interference with those 
        organisms. 

    b. Decomposers work more rapidly breaking down animal tissue than plant tissue. 

    c. The organisms on the lower level of the pyramid tend to be smaller in size. 

    d. The higher levels of the pyramid are smaller due to the inefficiency of energy 
        transfer


​
15. Polymers are substances that are often flexible and durable. These properties are 
     best explained by the fact that polymers are 

    a. large molecules synthesized through complex laboratory procedures. 

    b. made, predominantly, of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

    c. molecules consisting of long chains of repeating units of atoms. 

​    d. substances produced by plants that have these properties

​
16. Are you a eukaryote or a prokaryote?

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    Author: Jazmin Gannon

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