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1. What are the 6 steps in the scientific method?
2. What is a control group and how does it affect the science experiment? 3. What is a placebo? 4. How do you know that something is alive? What are the five functional traits of life? 5. What is the difference between a Solvent, a Solute, and a Solution? 6. What is pH? 7. What are 8 organelles in a cell? 8. What is osmosis? 9. True or False: a Chromosome: is a single, large DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins; chromosomes are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells 10. What are the names of the nucleotide bases? The A, C, G, and T? 11. What is a Double helix? 12. Where does DNA Replication happen? 13. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? 14. What are the stages of mitosis? 15. What is the difference between chemical energy and kinetic energy? 16. How can we tell the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? 17. What is photosynthesis? 18. Where does photosynthesis happen? What organelle? 19. What is a particle of light energy called? 20. What des the Carbon Cycle do? 21. Are algae plants or animals? Or are they a different type of being? 22. How many cells are in an algae individual? 23. What is plankton? 24. What is a diatom? 25. What is biofuel? 26. Can algae make biofuel? 27. How else can algae help us? 28. What animals eat algae and plankton? 29. Why are we not using biofuel instead of fossil fuel yet? 30. How can you help the environment?
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Vocabulary review: August 30, 2018
Scientific method includes:
Hypothesis: the starting point of your investigation, a proposed explanation based on limited evidence Question: what you are exploring, it is not in the book, but it literally means question Experiment: a way to explore your question and test your hypothesis Experimental group: the people or beings of subjects that you are studying, the group that experiences the experimental intervention Control group: a group that does not experience the experimental intervention Placebo: fake treatment Placebo effect: effect that we see when members of a control group display a measurable response to a placebo Independent variable: factor being deliberately changed in the experiment Dependent variable: measured result of an experiment, seen in both the experimental group and the control group Sample size: number or subjects in the experiment Result: measurable by units, what you learned Evidence based conclusion: your result and seeing how it relates to your hypothesis Scientific theory: a hypothesis that is supported by many years of rigorous testing and thousands of experiments Five functional traits of life: Growth: And increase in the organism's size as the number of cell making up the organism increases. Reproduction: the process of producing new organisms, offspring are similar but not necessarily identical to their parents in general structure, function, and properties. Homeostasis: organisms maintain a stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes. Sense and respond to stimuli: organisms respond to stimuli in many ways, they may move toward a food source r away from a threatening predator. Obtain and use energy: all living beings require an input of energy to power their activities. organisms obtain energy from food (which they either produce themselves or consume from the environment). Chemical reactions convert that energy into usable forms. The sum total of all these reactions is metabolism. Review of chemistry, important terms:
WHAT IS IN THE CELL? ORGANELLES
WAYS OF CELL COMMUNICATION:
Endosymbiosis: the theory that free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed (ate) other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts BACTERIA
DNA: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring.
Chromosome: is a single, large DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins; chromosomes are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA
Double helix: the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together Hydrogen bonds: or base pairing hold the strands together Polymer: made up of building block molecules
Genetic Code: the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells. DNA Profile: a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence DNA polymerase: an enzyme that “reads” the sequence of a DNA strand and helps to add complementary nucleotides to form a new strand during DNA replication DNA Replication: the natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule Coding regions: sequences of DNA that serve as instructions for making proteins Noncoding Regions: DNA sequences that do not hold instructions to make proteins Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): a laboratory technique used to replicate and thus amplify a specific DNA segment Gel electrophoresis: a laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size Genome: one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism. MITOSIS IS: A PROCESS OF CELL DIVISION: a type of cell division that results in two cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. Gene: A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein Gene Expression: The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins. Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype: the physical qualities of an organism including observable or not observable traits Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences. MITOSIS Interphase:
CELL DIVISION VOCABULARY Transcription: The first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger mRNA from the instruction encoded within the genes Translation: The second stage of gene expression reads mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make a protein Messenger mRNA: the RNA copy on an original DNA sequence made during transcription RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid Anticodon: The part of tRNA molecule that binds to complementary mRNA codon Transfer RNA (tRNA): A type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation Genetic Code: The particular amino acids specified by particular mRNA codon EVERY GENE HAS TWO PARTS Regulatory Sequence: the part of a gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein produced. Coding Sequence: The part of the gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, Coding sequences determine the identity, shape, and function of proteins. Cell Division: the process by which a cell reproduces itself; it is normal and essential for growth and healing of tissues Mitosis: the segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division Sister Chromatid: one or more identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication Centromere: the specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined Cytokiness: the physical division of a cell into two daughter cells MEIOSIS Meiosis: A specialized type of cell division that generates unique haploid gametes. Generates sex cells. Gamete: specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome, sperm are male gametes, egg are female gametes Haploid: having only one copy of every chromosome Cancer: unregulated cell division; cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in some instances forming a tumor Chemotherapy: the treatment of cancer by the use of chemicals Food Energy Energy is the capacity to do work, cellular work includes building complex molecules and moving substances in and out of the cell. Chemical Energy: potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules (Food) Potential Energy: stored energy (Food) Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion or movement, (muscle movement, digestion breaks down food and releases energy) Heat: the kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or atoms (transfer of energy from food to muscle to environment Autotroph: plants are autotrophs, they capture energy from the sunlight through photosynthesis
Heterotroph: consumes to stay alive Photosynthesis: the process by which plants and other autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to make energy rich molecules using carbon dioxide and water Chemical formula for photosynthesis looks like: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 Plants take sunlight and make sugars, glucose sugar, chemical energy. The glucose sugar goes to:
Chloroplast: the organelle in the plant cell where photosynthesis occurs Sunlight has Photons: packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity of energy A photon is both a wave and a particle, a packet of light that is in motion Light Energy: the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation Chlorophyll: The pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs photos of light energy during photosynthesis ATP, Adenosinetriphosphate: The molecules that cells use to power energy-requiring functions Carbon Fixation: the conversion of inorganic carbon CO2 into organic forms, sugars Photosynthesis:
Thylakoid: where light dependent reactions happen, Calvin Cycle, Calvin cycle: is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight Plant products: glucose, fatty acid, glycerol Algae: photosynthetic protist Protist: is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant or fungus Biofuel: a fuel derived directly from living matter. Algae produce biofuel Diatom: phytoplankton, a single-celled alga that has a cell wall of silica. Many kinds are planktonic, and extensive fossil deposits have been found Ernst Haeckel: German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, 1834 to 1919 energyEnergy is the capacity to do work, cellular work includes building complex molecules and moving substances in and out of the cell. Chemical Energy: potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules (Food) Potential Energy: stored energy (Food) Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion or movement, (muscle movement, digestion breaks down food and releases energy) Heat: the kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or atoms (transfer of energy from food to muscle to environment PlantsAutotroph: plants are autotrophs, they capture energy from the sunlight through photosynthesis
Plants take sunlight and make sugars, glucose sugar, chemical energy. The glucose sugar goes to:
Chloroplast: the organelle in the plant cell where photosynthesis occurs Sunlight has Photons: packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity of energy A photon is both a wave and a particle Light Energy: the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation Chlorophyll: The pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs photos of light energy during photosynthesis ATP, Adenosinetriphosphate: The molecules that cells use to power energy-requiring functions Carbon Fixation: the conversion of inorganic carbon CO2 into organic forms, sugars Photosynthesis:
Thylakoid: where light dependent reactions happen, Calvin Cycle, 2:29 in video calvin cycleRuBisCO an enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and in oxygenation of the resulting compound during photorespiration Produce:
 algaephotosynthetic protist Protist: is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant or fungus The base of the food web
Plankton
DiatomsDiatoms are Phytoplankton, a single-celled alga that has a cell wall of silica. Many kinds are planktonic, and extensive fossil deposits have been found
biofuelAlgae produce biofuel
Red Tide: some species of algae can be toxic and reproduce too quickly. Sometimes nitrogen from fertilizers used in agricultural fields can promote rapid growth of algae, we could filter this algae out of the water and let it dry, then use it as fertilizer.
It is good for us to eat
Ernst Haeckel
Mitosis is: a Process of cell divisiona type of cell division that results in two cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. Vocabulary:pg 147 Gene: A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein Gene Expression: The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins. Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype: the physical qualities of an organism including observable or not observable traits Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences.  mitosisInterphase:
cell division vocabularyTranscription: The first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger mRNA from the instruction encoded within the genes Translation: The second stage of gene expression reads mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make a protein Messenger mRNA: the RNA copy on an original DNA sequence made during transcription RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amin acid Anticodon: The part of tRNA molecue that binds to complementary mRNA codon Transfer RNA (tRNA): A type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation Genetic Code: The particular amino acids specified by particular mRNA codons
EVery Gene Has two partsRegulatory Sequence: the part of a gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein produced. Coding Sequence: The part of the gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, Coding sequences determine the identity, shape and function of proteins. patterns in cell DIVISION: Fibonacci numbers  Review of cell division vocabularyCell Division: the process by which a cell reproduces itself; it is normal and essential for growth and healing of tissues Mitosis: the segregation and separation of duplicated chromosomes during cell division Sister Chromatid: one or more identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication Centromere: the specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined Cytokiness: the physical division of a cell into two daughter cells meiosisMeiosis: A specialized type of cell division that generates unique haploid gametes. Generates sex cells. Gamete: specialized reproductive cells that carry one copy of each chromosome, sperm are male gametes, egg are female gametes Haploid: having only one copy of every chromosome CancerCancer: unregulated cell division; cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in some instances forming a tumor Chemotherapy: the treatment of cancer by the use of chemicals Most healthcare professionals now support the use of herbal medicine as a supplement to treatment, herbs and foods with high Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and antioxidant content may help with treatment. Draw it outSection 04: Yin Yoga
Yin is a slow stationary practice with poses being held from 1-5 minutes allowing connective tissue to safely stretch while activating the flow of energy through the Meridians and having a positive affect on students. This practice is based off of Traditional Chinese Medicine. This practice implements biology because Yoga helps lower stress hormones that compromise the immune system its also conditioning the lungs and respiratory tract, stimulating the lymphatic system to release toxins from the body, and bringing oxygenated blood to the various organs to ensure their optimal function is there. We will learn about DNA and how it makes the components that we covered the week beforeWeek of August 6 to 10Dna: Deoxyribonucleic acidCh. 7, pg. 122 We will talk about what DNA is and how carbs, proteins, and fats are coded and then talk about food and nutrients. DNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring.
What Ms. Gannon would do in the Gene Lab back in the day, |
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In case you want to learn the 20 amino acids, you do not have to do so for this class
Protein: A macro molecule made up of repeating sub units known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein. proteins play critical roles in organisms.
Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein
Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins
Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits
Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences
Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced
Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins.
Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein
Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins
Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits
Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences
Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced
Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins.
gene transcription and translation
Messenger RNA (mRNA): RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription
Transcription: the first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the instruction encoded within genes
Translation: the second stage of gene expression. Translation 'reads' mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make proteins.
RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand or RNA,
Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles protens during the process of translation.
Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
Transcription: the first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the instruction encoded within genes
Translation: the second stage of gene expression. Translation 'reads' mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make proteins.
RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand or RNA,
Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles protens during the process of translation.
Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
Book: Biology for a Changing World
Michele Shuster, Janet Vigna, Gunjan Sinha, Matthew Tontonoz
Michele Shuster, Janet Vigna, Gunjan Sinha, Matthew Tontonoz
Chapter 1: Process of science:
Scientific method includes:
- Making an observation
- Asking a question
- Forming a hypothesis
- Conducting an experiment,
- Getting results that can be measured
- Accept or reject hypothesis
Write down the definitions found in your book:
Hypothesis: the starting point of your investigation, a proposed explanation based on limited evidence
Question: what you are exploring, it is not in the book, but it literally means question
Experiment: a way to explore your question and test your hypothesis
Experimental group: the people or beings of subjects that you are studying, the group that
experiences the experimental intervention
Control group: a group that does not experience the experimental intervention
Placebo: fake treatment
Placebo effect: effect that we see when members of a control group display a measurable response to a placebo
Independent variable: factor being deliberately changed in the experiment
Dependent variable: measured result of an experiment, seen in both the experimental group and the control group
Sample size: number or subjects in the experiment
Result: measurable by units, what you learned
Evidence based conclusion: your result and seeing how it relates to your hypothesis
Scientific theory: a hypothesis that is supported by many years of rigorous testing and thousands of experiments
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Chapter 2: elements of Life
Five functional traits of life, pg 23:
Growth: And increase in the organism's size as the number of cell making up the organism increases.
Reproduction: the process of producing new organisms, offspring are similar but not necessarily identical to their parents in general structure, function, and properties.
Homeostasis: organisms maintain a stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes.
Sense and respond to stimuli: organisms respond to stimuli in many ways, they may move toward a food source r away from a threatening predator.
Obtain and use energy: all living beings require an input of energy to power their activities. organisms obtain energy from food (which they either produce themselves or consume from the environment). Chemical reactions convert that energy into usable forms. The sum total of all these reactions is metabolism.
Review of chemistry, important terms:
Activity: work in groups of three or four, split up the words in the list into groups of four and look for the definitions in the book. Then share the definitions with each other:
Types of bonds:
Growth: And increase in the organism's size as the number of cell making up the organism increases.
Reproduction: the process of producing new organisms, offspring are similar but not necessarily identical to their parents in general structure, function, and properties.
Homeostasis: organisms maintain a stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes.
Sense and respond to stimuli: organisms respond to stimuli in many ways, they may move toward a food source r away from a threatening predator.
Obtain and use energy: all living beings require an input of energy to power their activities. organisms obtain energy from food (which they either produce themselves or consume from the environment). Chemical reactions convert that energy into usable forms. The sum total of all these reactions is metabolism.
Review of chemistry, important terms:
- Element: a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons, same atomic number
- Matter: anything with mass, physical substance
- Atom: basic unit of a chemical element
- Proton: subatomic particle with positive electric charge, equal in size to an electron but of opposite charge
- Electron: subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms, primary carrier of electricity
- Neutron: subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all except those of ordinary hydrogen
- Monomer: a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
- Polymer: a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together
- Nucleus: positively charged central core of an atom, has protons and neutrons
- Organic molecule: composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains to which are attached other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
- Inorganic molecule: composed of other elements, not a combination of hydrogen and carbon
- Carbohydrate: large group of organic compounds, include sugar, starch, and cellulose
- Monosaccharide: any of the class of sugars that cannot by hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
- Protein: built from building blocks called amino acids
- Lipid: organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, oils and waxes
- Nucleotide: a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group, nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
- Nucleic acids: a complex organic substance present in living cells, expecially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain
- Macromolecules: a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, or synthetic polymer
Activity: work in groups of three or four, split up the words in the list into groups of four and look for the definitions in the book. Then share the definitions with each other:
Types of bonds:
- Ionic bond: the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds require an electron donor, often a metal, and an electron acceptor, a nonmetal.
- Covalent bond: the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table. This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals; however, it can also be observed between nonmetals and metals.
- Hydrogen bond: a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
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Components:
Dissolving:
- Phospholipids: a lipid with a phosphate group in its molecule
- Hydrophobic: does not like water
- Hydrophilic: likes water
Dissolving:
- Solvent: able to dissolve other substances
- Solute: component in a solution, what is dissolved in the solvent
- Solution: a mixture, with a solute in a solvent
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Water terms:
- Polar molecule: must contain polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms
- pH: is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
- Acid: Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic
- Base: pH greater than 7 are basic
- Hydrogen bonds in water: Polar molecules, such as water molecules, have a weak, partial negative charge at one region of the molecule (the oxygen atom in water) and a partial positive charge elsewhere (the hydrogen atoms in water).
- Adhesion: is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another
- Cohesion: cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another, water is attracted to water
Chapter 3: cells and how they work
COvered 8/9/2018, 8/10/2018
Types of cells:
Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, eukaryotic cells do not
- Prokaryotic cells
- Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, eukaryotic cells do not
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What is in the cell? Organelles
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosome
- Nucleus
- Nuclear envelope
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome
- Cytoskeleton-microfilament, intermediate filaments, microtubules
- Chloroplasts are in plants
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Ways of cell communication:
- Osmosis
- Simple diffusion
- Transport proteins
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
Endosymbiosis: the theory that free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed (ate) other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
Bacteria
- Peptidoglycan
- Gram-positive
- Gram negative
- Simple diffusion
Author: Jazmin Gannon
A place to grow
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