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4/29/2020

Forest Biology: Microbiology

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FUngi and the Ecosystem


​
  • Kingdom Fungi, one of the oldest and largest groups of living organisms
​
  • fungal cell walls contain chitin, a protein that also makes insect exoskeleton

  • A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
 
  • These organisms are classified as a kingdom, fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals
​​

Taxonomy branches for microbiology



  • ​Eucarya: eukaryote, nucleus enclosed within membranes
 
  • Prokaryote: no membrane, a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
 
  • Bacteria: a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease.
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  • Archaea:  domain of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes are prokaryotes, meaning they have no cell nucleus
    • ​Extremophiles: thrive in extreme environments
    • we have yet to find a species that causes disease
    • more complex RNA polymerases than Bacteria, similar to Eucary
    • Might be able to survive on Mars
​
Phylogenetic Tree:

Picture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree
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FUngal Life Cycle


Picture
https://hostdefense.com/blogs/host-defense-blog/the-mushroom-lifecycle
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Inoculation: Spores alight upon a growth medium (or substrate). If conditions are favorable, spores will germinate.

Spore germination: Fine fungal filaments known as hyphae grow from the spores. Compatible hyphae mate to create fertile mycelium.
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  • Fungal hyphae release digestive enzymes in order to absorb nutrients from food sources
  • Mutualism: Certain species of fungi may form a symbiotic relationship with plants whereby both species benefit
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Hyphae



​In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called “
septate hyphae” for example “Aspergillus”, while some other fungi have non-septate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa and this type is called “Coenocytic hyphae“

Picture
https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Mushroom-Hyphae-SS2180704.html
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Picture
https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Mushroom-Hyphae-SS2180704.html
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Picture
http://www.medical-labs.net/fungi-hyphae-1522/

  • mycelial expansion: Developing mycelium breaks down organic matter and absorbs nutrients from its surroundings. During this stage of growth, mycelium expands at an exponential rate. In its environment, mycelium encounters many competitors and predators which it repels with an amazing array of protective enzymes and compounds. In this sense, the mycelium is the immune system of the mushroom.

    • hyphae are collectively together called a mycelium

  • hyphal knot: Mycelium condenses into hyphal knots, which then develop into “primordia” or baby mushrooms.
​
Picture
https://www.microscopemaster.com/mycelium.html
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  • primordia formation: The mushroom organism produces an amazing array of enzymes and optimizes the constituents of both the mycelium and the developing fruitbody. Host Defense harvests during this peak stage of growth to capture an abundant constituent profile including polysaccharides (beta glucans, arabinoxylanes), glycoproteins, ergosterols, triterpenoids and other myco-nutrients.
 
  • fruitbody selection: From thousands of primordia, the growing organism selects the most promising few to develop into mature fruitbodies.
 
  • mature fruitbody: The organism channels all of its energy and nutrients to develop the fruitbody, which will then produce spores. Spore generation is the sexual reproduction phase of the mushroom life cycle.
 
  • spore release: The fruitbody releases spores into the environment for propagation. Those that land on a favorable substrate (or growth medium) can germinate, beginning the life cycle anew!​
​
Picture
http://fungially.com/event/life-cycle-ecological-roles-fungi/
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Mushrooms can replace wood in building materials


Picture

​https://criticalconcrete.com/building-with-mushrooms/
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FUNGI FOSTER AN EGALITARIAN NETWORK OF RESOURCES AND DATA TRANSFER (COMMUNICATION) BETWEEN PLANTS OF VARIOUS SPECIES THAT KEEP THE PLANET ALIVE



SOil Life involves many microorganisms 



Protozoa:
 is a single-celled organism that is a eukaryote (which are organisms whose cells contain membrane-bound organelles and nuclei). Most have flagella to move around.

Protozoans: 
​

Picture

​https://www.carlsonstockart.com/photo/protozoa-diversity-protists-unicellular-illustration/
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Nematodes


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4/22/2020

Forest Biology

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Biology in Diverse Environments 



We have learned about the survival mechanisms of various species in various parts of the world and how DNA influences their offspring. 

We will now learn more about the amazing ways in which creatures adapt and thrive as they pass their knowledge and genes along to every new generation. 

What better way than to show you some examples of the interesting, the peculiar, the effective, and the marvelous ways in which adaptation takes place.
 
Just a few examples, there is always more to learn.

First, it would behoove us to learn what a forest even is.
​

What is a forest?



​​A forest is a large area dominated by trees. a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.

​The 
forest ecosystem is very integrated.
​

There are three major types of forests, classed according to latitude:
​
  • Tropical.
  • Temperate.
  • Boreal forests (taiga)


Latitude and Longitude



Latitude:
 the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.

Longitudes: are therefore imaginary circles that intersect the North and South Poles, and the Equator. Half of a longitudinal circle is known as a Meridian. Meridians are perpendicular to every latitude. Unlike, latitudes, there is no obvious central longitude
.

Picture

​https://www.timeanddate.com/geography/longitude-latitude.html



​Ancient forests:

https://www.afar.com/magazine/10-amazing-ancient-forests-around-the-world
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https://www.roughguides.com/gallery/forests-of-the-world-forest-pictures/
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Types of Forests



​Tropical Rainforest:


  • Contain the greatest diversity of species of all biomes on earth.
 
  • Temperatures in tropical rainforests remain between 68 and 77 degrees Fahrenheit all year long. Winter is absent in these forests. Most tropical rainforests receive 100 inches of rain per year.
​
  • Trees in the tropical rainforests grow between 82 and 115 feet tall 
​
Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-rainforest
​


Temperate Deciduous Forest: 

  • Located in  Eastern United States and Canada, Western Europe and parts of Russia, China and Japan
 
  • There are four distinct seasons in temperate deciduous forests
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  • 30 to 60 inches of rain per year
​
Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/deciduous-forest



​Temperate Coniferous Forest:


  • Typically found in coastal areas with mild winters and heavy rainfall or in in-land mountainous areas with mild climates
 
  • ​Temperate climate with temperature that fluctuates little throughout the year. High levels of precipitation (50-200 inches per year)
​
Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/science/coniferous-forest



​Boreal (Taiga) Forest:
​
  • Boreal forests are found in Canada, northern Asia, Siberia and Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland).
 
  • About two-thirds of the world's boreal forests are found in Scandinavia.
 
  • Animals found here must be adapted to long, cold winters and usually have thick fur
​
Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/science/taiga
​


A Concept Map of Forest Biology


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WHat about Flowers?


Picture

These ecosystems are our global treasures



​Protecting them and restoring them is in our best interest, simply a favor to ourselves.
 
Picture
Picture

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4/1/2020

Genetic Drift

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Biodiversity: animals moving around and adapting


Allele: Genetic trait

Genetic drift: a change in the frequency of an allele within a population over time

​

Picture

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/heredity-and-genetics/a/genetic-drift-founder-bottleneck
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Natural Selection



Bottleneck effect 


Picture

https://trello.com/c/Opb9DEYm/109-gene-flow-genetic-drift-bottleneck-effect-and-founder-effect
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Article: 

​https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02000-y
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FOunder Effect


Picture

​https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-two-forms-of-genetic-drift-and-examples


Recap



The complexities of evolution


The study of how animals adapt, find a niche, and survive.
​

​Maiacetus
Picture
https://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.jsp?med_id=64483&from=

Basilosarus

Picture
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-comparative-morphology-of-the-three-described-whales-Basilosaurus-isis-Dorudon-atrox_fig9_333057662

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    Author: Jazmin Gannon

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