Biology Review for EOCAttraction and repulsion between electric charges keep matter together If more heat is needed to break bonds (boiling water) the intermolecular forces are stronger Plants take in light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar Plants produce oxygen bubbles in water The energy produced by a plant is greater than the energy required, photosynthesis makes energy stored in sugar from light and carbon dioxide that we breathe out After absorbing carbon dioxide, CO2 the plant makes sugar, we call this photosynthesis Yeast produces CO2, eats sugar, does not use oxygen in fermentation Aerobic=uses oxygen, Anaerobic= does not use oxygen If two species have a similar protein, they have a similar DNA Code DNA is instructions to make proteins, or other structures Proteins are chains of amino acids DNA tells the cell what order to put the amino acids in to make proteins If two organisms carry out the same function, they might have similar cells Cell division is responsible for growing organisms Complex organisms have cell differentiaton Cell differentiation leads to specialized tissues Cell division aims to make genetically identical cells Mitosis leads to 2 cells, Meiosis leads to 4 cells, Mitosis is general cell division Meiosis is cell division of sex cells (sperm and egg) DNA lives in Chromosomes, Chromosomes live in Nucleus of Cell RNA is half of DNA, they have nucleic acids/ nucleotides ATCG A connects to T, C connects to G
DNA replication is using an RNA strand to add a complementary strand and make a DNA set Cell work is called cellular respiration Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria makes ATP in animals, Chloroplasts make ATP in plants Each part of a system has specialized cells and also collaborates with other systems The circulatory system depends on the muscle system to pump blood, veins have muscles Animals respond to threats by receiving information in their nervous system and using their muscle system to move An example of hierarchy in biology: cells make tissues, make organs, make organ systems, make organisms Plant cell hierarchy: cells make xylem and phloem to transport nutrients An environment has a carrying capacity, the max number of individuals that can live there, animals reproduce until they reach carrying capacity and then level out Founder effect is when a group of individuals go to another area and start a new populations Bottleneck effect is a sudden reduction in the population diversity Natural selection can be a predator eating more visible insects and the camouflaged insects surviving and reproducing Natural selection is part of evolution Genetic diversity leads to more genetic ability to adapt and survive Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics  Energy is lost as heat, Autotrophs make their own energy, Heterotrophs consume energy, More energy is stored in Autotrophs Trophic Level 1 is a producer, Trophic Level 4 is a predator Energy is lost as we go up the trophic levels Trophic pyramids are triangle shaped because they represent energy loss as the level goes up Grass has more biomass because even though a blade of grass is small, the collective weight of grass is greater than that of consumers Producer-Plant- energy storage Decomposing organisms turn into soil, geosphere An ecosystem includes living and non living things, rocks and soil are included earth's systems
Earth and human activity 1 degree Celsius is 33.8 degrees Farehneit If we don’t change our pollution, mainly by putting carbon in the air, the planet will get about 1 degree Celsius hotter in the next decades. We can prevent this though:
Good luck with the EOC, remember that test scores do not define you but you are smart and can do anything you want to do in this life. New Mexico biology eoc compositionIn case they use older standards, this is from: https://www.usatestprep.com/nm/biology-eoc-nm-scs-test NM Biology EOC review aligned to New Mexico standards. Scientific Thinking and Practice 6% Biodiversity, Ecology, and Energy 24% Genetics 30% Biological Evolution 18% Structure and Function & Biochemical Mechanisms 22% concepts coveredScientific Thinking and Practice 1. Investigation Components 2. Design Scientific Investigation 3. Equipment And Technologies 4. Convey Results Of Investigations 5. Scientific Theories 6. Valid And Reliable Results 7. Logic And Reasoning 8. New Scientific Knowledge 9. Review And Analyze 10. Current Interesting Science 11. Investigations Of Past Events 12. Display And Analyze Data 13. Mathematical Models 14. Use Technologies 15. Measurement Errors 16. Use Mathematics Biodiversity, Ecology, and Energy 1. Complex Ecosystems 2. Cooperation And Competition 3. Limiting Factors 4. Human Activities And Ecosystems 5. Matter And Energy Flow 6. Trophic Levels And Energy 7. Photosynthesis 8. Hierarchical Classification 9. Species Variation Genetics 1. DNA 2. Genetics Vocabulary 3. Laws Of Inheritance 4. Inherited VS. Acquired Traits 5. Genetic Recombination And Mutation 6. Sexual And Asexual Reproduction 7. Chromosome Number Biological Evolution 1. Evidence 2. Common Ancestor 3. Data Supports Evolution 4. Factors For Evolution 5. Survival Of The Fittest 6. Evidence For Evolution Structure and Function & Biochemical Mechanisms 1. Cell Composition 2. Cell Structure 3. Mechanisms For Cellular Processes 4. Cell Membrane And Transport 5. Cell Differentiation 6. Protein Synthesis 7. Cell Functions And Chemical Reaction A Study Guide: https://ahs-amsd-nm.schoolloop.com/file/1244091751555/1407107798836/5864204438433933374.pdf
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How to save the planet: Where to start:
With public funding and policy:
Layers of the Earth: The Earth is composed of several layers.
Many geologists believe that as the Earth cooled the heavier, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to the top. Because of this, the crust is made of the lightest materials (rock- basalts and granites) and the core consists of heavy metals (nickel and iron). The crust is made up of different types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. The upper part of the mantle is made up of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the crust. The crust of the Earth is of two distinctive types:
The crust and the upper mantle make up the lithosphere. Under the Crust: Below the crust is the mantle. The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a whopping 84% of Earth's total volume. Earth's mantle, is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. Magma: the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.  The Core: The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. WHat is on the earth's crust?Lithosphere:
Hydrosphere, Bodies of Water:
NASA Satellite Photos Show Polluted Rivers Dumping Into The Carolina Coast Most of this is soil, it shows us how rivers meet oceans https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2018/09/26/nasa-satellite-photos-show-polluted-rivers-dumping-into-the-carolina-coast/#19c1dda37977 
types of environments/ biomes for living beingsBiomes
Habitat loss: deforestation South America  How deforestation creeps into the forest  Forests are cleared to grow coca
 Palm Oil Deforestation:  Who lives there:Plants Animals Bacteria Fungi how we have covered biomes THROUGHOUT classForest:     Desert:   Who lives in the Tundra?  The Ocean Land Connection: Ocean Biology:  Migration Biology: Deep Sea Mining and Extremophiles in Deep Sea Vents  biological systems  Energy from Food: http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/week-of-september-4-to-september-7-energy-from-food Energy Flow Within a System: http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/week-of-august-27-to-august-31-energy-flow
Symbiosis:
Mathematical Patterns in Nature:
dna replication  population ecology Earth and human activity list of some of the unhealthy human activitiesOcean Acidification:
Air Pollution:
ASARCO:
Cows:
Plastic in the Ocean: Landfills:
Ocean Dumping:
Great Pacific Garbage Patch:
Fish Kill: Some of the causes: Pollutants PH of 5 or Below, Temperature Change
Cruise Ships: Dumping Nuclear Waste in the Ocean:
Dumping Trash in the Amazon: Oil Spills:
Genetic Engineering:  ABC News Coverage: laws allow publicly funded research to benefit private corporations: Bayh-Dole Act of 1980
If you work for a university and discover something, the invention belongs to the university. The research project is usually funded by a private corporation who will receive the patent. The researchers rarely know this, they are told that their work will benefit the greater good and solve of humanity's problems. export economyPeople Migrate for a Better Life because Corporate Interest is Interested in Enslaving them... even though they have been living well in the region for over ten thousand years Difficulties faced by people who agree to work for the banana plantations:
Banana News: Dole's 90-year-old CEO offers to take company private https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dolefoods-offer/doles-90-year-old-ceo-offers-to-take-company-private-idUSBRE95A0D520130611 Dole at Forefront of Trade Battle To Aid Donor's Banana Empire https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/05/us/dole-at-forefront-of-trade-battle-to-aid-donor-s-banana-empire.html  Banana Republics what is helping? Reducing waste:renewable energy
ocean cleaningforest restoration
mycoremediation and bioremediation
what is helping? Innovation:
soil building, soil nurturing
Sir David AttenboroughGreta ThunbergFlammable Frozen Lakes
Article: US refuses to sign declaration protecting the Arctic because it references climate change sample test questionsA species of insect will most likely go extinct as a result of which of the following changes to its environment? A. The introduction of a toxic pollutant to the entire range of the species B. The separation of the population into two geographic regions C. The gradual replacement of its primary food plant by a related species D. Climate change that extends the period of its reproductive activity Species are lost from Amazon rainforests as deforestation causes habitat loss.  The largest reduction in deforestation would result by significantly reducing the consumption of which of the following? A. Crops B. Lumber C. Metals D. Beef The graph provided shows data for forest habitat size and diversity of bird species for several habitats. The negative effects of habitat loss on diversity is observable as a trend in the data points.  Which of the highlighted data points indicates a location where efforts by humans to counteract the negative effect of habitat loss have been successful? A. A B. B C. C D. D The graph provided shows how global biodiversity has changed over geologic time.  The greatest loss in biodiversity in the history of Earth occurred at the end of which period? A. Ordovician B. Devonian C. Permian D. Triassic The high rate of extinction of species in an ecosystem experiencing rapid change is offered as evidence that change to an ecosystem causes extinction. In order to adequately evaluate this claim, what additional data would be most helpful? A. The kinds of environmental change that the ecosystem is experiencing B. The amount of influence humans have on the changes to the ecosystem C. The extinction rates in similar ecosystems not experiencing changes D. The kinds of adaptations that allow species to survive in the ecosystem anatomy and physiology Fall Semester FinalWhat we knew by Winter Break: what is ngss?reflecting on educational philosophyEarth systemsHydrosphere (water) Geosphere/ Lithospere (land) Biosphere (living things) Atmosphere (air) hydrosphereA hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice. Bodies of Water:
About 2.1% of all of Earth's water is frozen in glaciers. 97.2% is in the oceans and inland seas 2.1% is in glaciers 0.6% is in groundwater and soil moisture less than 1% is in the atmosphere less than 1% is in lakes and rivers less than 1% is in all living plants and animals.  Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. geosphereRocks Sediments Mountains Volcanoes
soil composition  Soil Sediments:  mountains
erosion, landslides, and soil formation
volcanoes https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-11-22/volcanoes-heres-what-happens-when-they-erupt/8997014 What is in a volcanic eruption? According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the world's volcanoes, both on land and undersea, generate about 200 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually, while our automotive and industrial activities cause some 24 billion tons of CO2 emissions every year worldwide. tectonic plates Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. The plates are around 100 km (62 mi) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium). Processes of melting, crystallization, weathering, deformation, and sedimentation, which act together to form minerals and rocks through the cycling of Earth’s materials. weathering and erosion of rocks
types of rockhow crystals form
what about metals?
Ore: a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted. where did everything come from? A Theory:Supernova: a star that suddenly increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass. Nuclear Fusion: a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy. Stars are powered by nuclear fusion in their cores, mostly converting hydrogen into helium. The production of new elements via nuclear reactions is called nucleosynthesis. A star's mass determines what other type of nucleosynthesis occurs in its core (or during explosive changes in its life cycle). Solar Nebula: Our solar system began forming within a concentration of interstellar dust and hydrogen gas called a molecular cloud. The cloud contracted under its own gravity and our proto-Sun formed in the hot dense center. The remainder of the cloud formed a swirling disk called of the solar nebula.
phosphorous cyclePhosphorous Cycle: When it rains phosphorous goes from rocks downhill through streams, to soil, into plants  biospherePlants Animals Bacteria Fungi atmosphereCarbon Dioxide Oxygen Wind ngss standardssample questionsCarbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, moves from the geosphere to the atmosphere during which of the following? A. Cellular respiration B. Volcanic eruptions C. Acid rain formation D. Photosynthesis  Photosynthesis contributes to the carbon cycle by moving carbon in the way represented by which arrow in the diagram provided here? A. A B. B C. C D. D All of the following processes move carbon out of the biosphere and into the atmosphere, geosphere, or hydrosphere except– A. respiration. B. photosynthesis. C. excretion. D. decaying. Based on the pie chart, what change would yield the greatest reduction in carbon emissions?  A. Cutting in half the emissions resulting from industry B. Reducing by one-third the emissions created by transportation C. Cutting in half the emissions resulting from the production of electricity D. Reducing by one-quarter the emissions created by agriculture The biodiversity of a habitat contributes to what characteristic of the habitat? A. The amount of overall biomass contained in all of its organisms B. The efficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next C. Its ability to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in conditions D. The number of top predators that the habitat is able to provide resources for Humans depend on the biodiversity of living things for all of the following EXCEPT– A. weather. B. food. C. medicine. D. shelter. Housing data for several countries is provided.  A. Residential housing for 50,000 in China B. Residential housing for 100,000 in Germany C. Residential housing for 200,000 in Australia D. Residential housing for 300,000 in Japan Introduction of a non-native species to a habitat can have adverse effects on the biodiversity of the habitat due to which of the following? A. The non-native species competes for resources with native species B. The native species interbreed with non-native species, creating hybrids C. The non-native is less well-adapted to the habitat as the native species D. The native species are unable to use non-native species as a food source An indication of a stable ecosystem is that, after a minor physical disturbance, the– A. biomass of the ecosystem will shift from primary consumers to secondary consumers. B. energy stored in the ecosystem will begin to steadily decline over several generations. C. number and kinds of species in the ecosystem will return to the original status. D. native populations will be replaced with species better suited to the new environment. Which of the following environmental conditions will have a negative effect on the limit a certain population of organisms is able to achieve in that habitat? A. Abundant food source B. Lack of competition C. High levels of predation D. Sufficient fresh water A major ecological disturbance could be distinguished from a minor one by which of the following? A. The number of species affected and the change in population of the species B. The geographic range over which the disturbance had an effect on the organisms C. The duration over which the ecological disturbance took place D. The range of climatic conditions, such as temperature, in the affected area The data table shows the populations of four species before and after an ecological disturbance.  According to the data, which species suffered most from the hurricane, in terms of the percentage of population? A. Buteo lineatus B. Aix sponsa C. Rana pipiens D. Anax junius The graph shows how the population of a particular species changed between the years of 1800 and 1925.  Based on the information in the graph, it can be concluded that the carrying capacity of this environment for this species is approximately– A. 0.5 million B. 1 million C. 1.5 million D. 2.0 million  Which of the following organisms is part of the trophic level with the greatest amount of stored energy? A. Vulture B. Wildebeest C. Termite D. Red oat grass Which of the following statements is true? A. Heterotrophs produce their own food. B. Autotrophs take in nutrients from outside themselves. C. Consumers are heterotrophs. D. Consumers are autotrophs. As energy is transferred between trophic levels, only a small fraction of the available energy is transferred. How can this observation be explained, taking into account the law of conservation of energy? A. Organic systems do not demonstrate the conservation of energy. B. Organisms, even after death, continue to store energy in organic molecules. C. Since biomass increases at higher levels, the concentration of energy is the same. D. The unused energy is lost as heat through metabolic processes. The diagram provided shows the amount of energy available in Watts per square meter in a typical habitat.  Which of the following is the best estimate of the energy available at the level of tertiary consumers in this habitat? A. 0.08 W/m2 B. 0.01 W/m2 C. 0.002 W/m2 D. 0.0008 W/m2 The diagram here is called a trophic pyramid. It shows trophic levels of a grassland habitat. The size of each trophic level represents biomass, with producers representing the largest amount of biomass.  Which of the following best explains the unique shape of the trophic pyramid? A. The higher levels of the pyramid are smaller due to human interference with those organisms. B. Decomposers work more rapidly breaking down animal tissue than plant tissue. C. The organisms on the lower level of the pyramid tend to be smaller in size. D. The higher levels of the pyramid are smaller due to the inefficiency of energy transfer. tests conceptsAttraction and repulsion between electric charges keep matter together If more heat is needed to break bonds (boiling water) the intermolecular forces are stronger Plants take in light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar Plants produce oxygen bubbles in water The energy produced by a plant is greater than the energy required, photosynthesis makes energy stored in sugar from light and carbon dioxide that we breathe out After absorbing carbon dioxide, CO2 the plant makes sugar, we call this photosynthesis Yeast produces CO2, eats sugar, does not use oxygen in fermentation Aerobic=uses oxygen Anaerobic= does not use oxygen If two species have a similar protein, they have a similar DNA Code DNA is instructions to make proteins, or other structures Proteins are chains of amino acids DNA tells the cell what order to put the amino acids in to make proteins If two organisms carry out the same function, they might have similar cells Cell division is responsible for growing organisms Complex organisms have cell differentiaton Cell differentiation leads to specialized tissues Cell division aims to make genetically identical cells Mitosis leads to 2 cells Meiosis leads to 4 cells Mitosis is general cell division Meiosis is cell division of sex cells (sperm and egg) DNA lives in Chromosomes Chromosomes live in Nucleus of Cell RNA is half of DNA RNA had nucleic acids/ nucleotides ATCG A connects to T C connects to G DNA replication is using an RNA strand to add a complementary strand and make a DNA set Cell work is called cellular respiration Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria makes ATP in animals, Chloroplasts make ATP in plants Each part of a system has specialized cells and also collaborates with other systems The circulatory system depends on the muscle system to pump blood, veins have muscles Animals respond to threats by receiving information in their nervous system and using their muscle system to move An example of hierarchy in biology: cells make tissues, make organs, make organ systems, make organisms Plant cell hierarchy: cells make xylem and phloem to transport nutrients An environment has a carrying capacity, the max number of individuals that can live there, animals reproduce until they reach carrying capacity and then level out Founder effect is when a group of individuals go to another area and start a new populations Bottleneck effect is a sudden reduction in the population diversity Genetic diversity leads to more genetic ability to adapt and survive Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics
  Energy is lost as heat Autotrophs make their own energy Heterotrophs consume energy More energy is stores in Autotrophs Trophic Level 1 is a producer Trophic Level 4 is a predator Energy is lost as we go up the trophic levels Trophic pyramids are triangle shaped because they represent energy loss as the level goes up Grass has more biomass because even though a blade of grass is small, the collective weight of grass is greater than that of consumers Producer-Plant- energy storage Decomposing organisms turn into soil, geosphere Earth Systems:
WE will review genetics and gene flow
considerations
DNA: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID Ch. 7, pg. 122 DNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring.
vocabulary
Gene Transcription and translationMessenger RNA (mRNA): RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription Transcription: the first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the instruction encoded within genes Translation: the second stage of gene expression. Translation 'reads' mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make proteins. RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand or RNA, Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles protens during the process of translation. Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
mitosisA type of cell division that results in two cells, each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. pg 147 Gene: A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein Gene Expression: The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins. Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype: the physical qualities of an organism including observable or not observable traits  sample questionsMeiosis contributes to genetic variation due to which of the following characteristics of the process? A. The process begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each chromosome. B. Gametes that contain half the genetic information are formed. C. Homologous chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell to form new nuclei. D. When homologous chromosomes split, sections of chromosomes can switch places. The gene for tallness (T) in a pea plant is dominant over the gene for shortness (t). In a cross between two heterozygous parent pea plants, we can predict that what percentage of the offspring will be tall? A. 100% B. 50% C. 75% D. 25% Which of the following provides evidence for the idea that certain environmental factors can alter DNA and cause mutations? A. The processes responsible for cellular growth and repair are more efficient when an individual receives adequate nutrition. B. Characteristics of certain individuals within a population make them more or less likely to survive an environmental change. C. Skin cancer is more likely to develop in individuals who experience excessive exposure to sunlight. D. Errors that occur during mitosis can sometimes provide a benefit to the individual but are more likely neutral. An investigation involves a species of microorganisms. One population is exposed to radiation and the other population is shielded from radiation. The population exposed to radiation exhibits a mutation while the other population exhibits no mutation.  Both populations are then allowed to reproduce under normal conditions. Thirty generations later, the descendants of the population exposed to radiation still exhibit the mutation. Why can’t this observation be used to support the claim that the exposure to radiation did not cause the mutation? A. Only mutations that are beneficial are passed on to successive generations. B. Neither population had the mutation before exposure to radiation. C. Once a mutation is present in the genome, it is inherited by offspring. D. Some mutations are the result of errors in the transcribing of genes. The ability for people to roll their tongue is dominant to people who cannot. If a tongue roller and a non-tongue roller were crossed, the highest percentage of potential non-tongue roller offspring would be which of the following? A. 50% B. 0% C. 100% D. 25% The mechanism of natural selection works, primarily, to change which of the following? A. The genotypes of individual organisms and their expression B. The rate of mutations resulting from external factors C. The distribution of traits in a population over time D. The likelihood that traits of organisms are passed on The frequency of a certain trait in a population will increase over many generations if which of the following is true? A. The trait is carried by all members of the population, but expressed only in a few. B. Those organisms with the trait have better reproductive success than those without it. C. Those organisms without the trait interbreed freely with those that have the trait. D. There is a sudden change to the environment that reduces the population with the trait. For evolution to function, all of the following characteristics of genes are necessary EXCEPT– A. there is variation in genes in a population. B. genetic traits are inheritable across generations. C. genetic information is stored on chromosomes. D. genes result in traits that provide advantages. The peppered moth, Biston betularia, has two forms. A white-bodied form and a dark-bodied form. The table provided shows the percentage of each type of the peppered moth in a population over several years.  This evidence can best be used to support which of the following conclusions? A. A new predator of the peppered moth was introduced between 1965 and 1985. B. The trait for a white-body became more advantageous between 1965 and 1985. C. Dark-bodied moths obtained more resources between 1965 and 1985. D. The habitat requirements of dark-bodied moths changed between 1965 and 1985. The claim that a certain species of plants produce ammonia in their roots to counteract the negative effects of acidic soil would be supported by which of the following observations? A. The frequency in the population of individual plants that produce high levels of ammonia in their roots increases with soil acidity. B. As the acidity of the soil increases, the number of individual plants able to survive and reproduce decreases. C. When the plants are grown in soil with a neutral pH, the levels of ammonia in the roots of the plants remains stable over generations. D. When plants that produce high levels of ammonia are crossed with plants that produce low levels, the offspring survive. Natural selection occurs when which of the following conditions are met? A. Individual organisms depend on each other to obtain available resources B. Variations between individual organisms lead to differential survival chances C. Habitat and nutrient resources in an area are plentiful over a long period of time D. The conditions in an ecosystem support a wide range of living organisms The flightless cormorant of the Galapagos Islands is the only cormorant bird which has lost its ability to fly. What is the most likely reason for this? A. This species existed for a long period of time in an environment with no natural predators and ample food on the ground B. There are no trees on the island where this species lives C. All members of this species which could fly left the island D. Birds which live near the ocean do not need to fly The image provided shows two distribution curves. Each graph shows the number of individuals with a certain body length. The graphs compare an original generation (Generation 1) to their descendants (Generation 100).  These graphs provide support for which of the following claims? A. By Generation 100, no individuals with a body length below 30 cm were able to reproduce B. The optimal body length selected for, by Generation 100, is approximately 45 cm C. Environmental pressures over the generations selected for a body length increase of 10 cm D. These organisms are unable to achieve a body length greater than about 50 cm Invasive species of asian carp introduced to the Mississippi River have thrived and are threatening to eliminate many native species of fish. Which of these could be a contributing reason why? A. These species of fish lay many more eggs than the native species B. These species of fish eat a greater variety of foods than native fish, destroying entire ecosystems C. These species can survive in more extreme temperatures and water with a lower oxygen concentration D. All of these can be contributing reasons The graph shows the number of individuals in a population with a certain phenotype in a starting population (Generation 1) and at a later time (Generation 50).  This graph best represents which of the following combinations of phenotype and selective pressure? A. Phenotype represents neck length of animals that feed on leaves growing at greater heights B. Phenotype represents thickness of fat layers in mammals living in region getting colder C. Phenotype represents body mass of insects where predators prefer larger insects D. Phenotype represents bone density for birds that live and feed underwater The provided chart compares base sequences of homologous segments of DNA from four different primates. The information in the chart can be used to support which of the following claims?  A. The baboon is more closely related to the lemur than to the chimpanzee. B. The gorilla is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the baboon. C. The lemur is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the baboon. D. The chimpanzee is more closely related to the lemur than to the gorilla.  Comparing the bones pictured in this diagram can provide evidence to support which of the following conclusions? A. The humerus bone evolved separately in many different lines of animals. B. The size and position of various bones indicates how highly evolved an animal is. C. Fossil evidence of bones provides the strongest evidence for evolution. D. Humans, lions, and birds evolved from a common ancestor. The diagram provided shows a breakdown of the genomes of humans, mice, chickens and zebrafish. The numbers in overlapping regions indicate orthologous sequences, similar genes which indicate shared ancestry. The data in the diagram best supports which of the following conclusions?  A. There are no gene sequences that are common to all these animals. B. The common ancestor of the mouse and the chicken lived very recently. C. The mouse and the zebrafish share the closest relationship of all animals shown. D. Humans are more closely related to zebrafish than to chickens. Studying which of the following would provide the best evidence that two organisms share a common ancestor? A. Amino acid sequence B. Dietary preferences C. Habitat requirements D. Social group interactions Studying the embryology of animals provides important evidence to support claims of shared evolutionary history. What feature of embryology makes it capable of providing data for common evolutionary history not readily available from other sources? A. As the embryo develops, it reveals the expression of genes. B. The growth of the embryo is achieved by differentiation of cells. C. A developing embryo exhibits structures not present in the adult animal. D. The development of embryos of a certain species is consistent. Which of the following best explains why different cells within an individual organism function differently? A. The functions of cells are determined by the chemical messengers sent to them. B. The function of individual cells depends on the cell’s location in the body. C. Proteins regulate which genes within a cell are activated and which are not. D. Each type of cell within an organism contains unique genetic information. In humans, the CFTR gene is responsible for a protein that regulates the components of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus. Individuals with a mutated version of this gene develop cystic fibrosis. Which of the following research questions would provide the best data for clarifying the role of DNA in the development of this disease? A. What environmental factors stimulate or slow the production of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus? B. What is the current rate of the development of cystic fibrosis in the human population and has this changed over time? C. Is cystic fibrosis present in individuals who have a normal, non-mutated copy of the CFTR gene? D. Are the components of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus significantly different in individuals with cystic fibrosis? Which of the following best describes the structural relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA? A. Genes consists of two long strands of chromosomes, and each of these two strands consists of molecules called DNA. B. Each DNA molecule consists of a number of pairs of genes, and each pair of genes on the DNA molecule is made up of chromosomes. C. Each chromosome consists of a number of DNA molecules, and each DNA molecule is made up of one to four different genes. D. Each chromosome consists of a single long DNA molecule, and each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of that DNA. The function of chromosomes can best be described as - A. producing energy through metabolism. B. transmitting electrical signals through the body. C. controlling the rate of cellular division. D. regulating the production of specific proteins. Practice test for Molecules to Organisms, Matter and energy, and Interdependence of Communities1. The structure, properties, and transformations of matter can best be explained by which of the following? A. The way in which electromagnetic radiation interacts with different substances B. Gravitational forces from the environment on subatomic particles C. The number of atoms of an element in one mole of that substance D. Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic level 2. Water and ammonia molecules are roughly the same size and the same mass but ammonia boils at -28°F (-33°C) and water boils at 212°F (100°C). What can we conclude about the intermolecular forces between water and ammonia? A. Water has stronger intermolecular forces B. Ammonia has stronger intermolecular forces C. The intermolecular forces are the same strength D. Not enough information is given 3. Polymers are substances that are often flexible and durable. These properties are best explained by the fact that polymers are– A. large molecules synthesized through complex laboratory procedures. B. made, predominantly, of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. C. molecules consisting of long chains of repeating units of atoms. D. substances produced by plants that have these properties. 4. The melting points and boiling points of substances can lead to inferences about the intermolecular attraction of the atoms of these substances because higher melting and boiling points indicate that– A. the atomic mass of the substances is smaller. B. the substances produce exothermic reactions. C. atomic radii increase as heat is added. D. more energy is needed to separate molecules. 5. An incomplete diagram of the process of photosynthesis is provided below.  What is the missing component representing the substance taken into the plant? A. Oxygen B. Soil C. Water D. Sugar 6. A test tube is filled with water and a green plant called elodea. When the plant is exposed to sunlight, it begins to produce bubbles. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion for the identity of the gas in the bubbles?  A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. Water vapor D. Hydrogen 7. Which of the following statements regarding the energy produced during cellular respiration is most accurate? A. The majority of the energy produced is lost to the environment as heat. B. The energy must be transferred across the cell membrane to be used. C. The energy produced must be stored in specialized organelles within the cell. D. The amount of energy produced is greater than the amount of energy required. 8. Shown here is an incomplete chemical equation for the reaction known as photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → 6O2 + ____ Which of the following substances correctly completes the equation? A. Water B. Carbon dioxide C. Glucose D. Oxygen 9. The graph provided shows the level of dissolved carbon dioxide in the environment of an aquatic plant over a twenty-four hour period. The shaded portion of the graph represents the time in the daily cycle of the plant when which of the following is happening?  A. The plant switches from photosynthesis to metabolizing glucose. B. The plant is producing glucose at the highest levels of the day. C. The rate of photosynthesis is increasing due to increased sunlight. D. Levels of dissolved oxygen are increasing at a similarly rapid rate. 10. Yeast is placed in a sugar solution in a sealed flask. What changes to the environment of the flask would support the claim that the yeast is performing anaerobic respiration? A. Decreasing CO2, increasing glucose, stable oxygen B. Increasing CO2, decreasing glucose, stable oxygen C. Stable CO2, decreasing glucose, increasing oxygen D. Increasing CO2, increasing glucose, decreasing oxygen 11. Sugar produced as a result of photosynthesis is made up of which of the following elements? A. Hydrogen, Magnesium, Carbon B. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen C. Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen D. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium 12. In the diagram of cellular processes provided, what terms correctly identify the missing labels?  A. 1 = Chemical energy, 2 = Carbon dioxide, 3 = Respiration B. 1 = Light energy, 2 = Carbon dioxide, 3 = Respiration C. 1 = Light energy, 2 = Diatomic oxygen, 3 = Oxidation D. 1 = Heat energy, 2 = Carbon dioxide, 3 = Respiration 13. Which of the following summarizes the flow of matter and energy in cellular respiration? A. Energy is consumed to rearrange carbon dioxide molecules into glucose and oxygen. B. Carbon and energy are required to transform sugar molecules into water molecules. C. Energy is released when sugar and oxygen are recombined to form carbon dioxide and water. D. As oxygen and carbon dioxide are used, energy and glucose are consumed. 14. Which of the following provides the best evidence that living things use and recombine carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to form molecules for new cells? A. The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are among the most common elements in the universe, but are not the most common elements on Earth. B. The cells of living things contain molecules made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the same elements found in the glucose consumed by living things. C. The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are able to bond with each other to form complex molecules that are chains of repeating structures. D. The relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found in the earth’s atmosphere have changed over the history of the planet during which living things evolved. 15. Albumin is a protein produced in the liver of both pigs and humans. Based on this information, what other similarity can we predict between these two organisms? Both organisms– A. have more complex DNA than organisms that do not produce albumin. B. have DNA that codes for globulin, another protein found in the liver. C. produce new sequences of DNA in the same region of their livers. D. share a similar sequence in one section of their DNA that codes for albumin. 16. Which of the following observations would support the claim that DNA determines the structure of proteins produced by cells? A. Organisms that produce proteins have different lengths of DNA. B. Similar DNA sequences are found in organisms that produce the same protein. C. Both DNA and the production of proteins was observed in early life forms. D. DNA is found in the nucleus of all cells that produce proteins. 17. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a condition which results from the inability to produce a certain protein. Which of the following is most likely the cause of Huntington’s disease? A. A structural problem within the nucleus B. An increase in glucose in the blood C. A decrease in the fat intake of their diet D. A miscoding in the DNA sequence 18. Scientists theorize that production of hemoglobin is coded on the molecular location shown below. Which of the following observations could be used as evidence to support this claim?  A. This sequence of DNA is adjacent to another section that codes for a blood protein. B. This sequence was found to be identical in a group of people who produce functioning hemoglobin. C. This section of DNA is different in people who are unable to produce functioning hemoglobin. D. All people who were unable to produce functioning hemoglobin had a DNA sequence of the same length. 19. If two organisms are able to carry out the same life function, we can expect to find which of the following? A. Both organisms have specialized cells for this function. B. This function evolved in the two organisms at the same time. C. Both organisms live in the same habitat. D. These organisms have an identical number of chromosomes. 20. Which of the following processes is directly responsible for growth in living organisms? A. The division of cells into two identical cells B. The movement of water across a cell membrane C. The production of reproductive cells called gametes D. The exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide 21. DNA replication is an important part of cellular division because correct replication– A. ensures that identical and complete genetic information is passed to both daughter cells. B. produces mutations that usually are advantageous for the survival of the organism. C. combines sperm and egg to form a zygote that will develop into a new organism. D. communicates information about the cellular environment to adjacent cells. 22. Differentiation of cells is responsible for which feature of complex organisms? Without differentiation, complex organisms would not– A. require nutrients for growth. B. be multicellular. C. have specialized tissues. D. respond to their environment. 23. Mitosis maintains complex organisms by which of the following processes? A. The removal of waste from the body B. The exchange of gas with the environment C. The formation of sperm and egg D. The healing of a cut after an injury 24. Complex organisms develop specialized tissues as a direct result of which of the following processes? A. Cellular respiration B. Cellular differentiation C. Cellular growth D. Cellular division 25. All of the following are true of body systems within an animal, EXCEPT– A. each system within the body is made up of multiple parts. B. body systems interact with other body systems at a given time. C. each part of a system only has functions for that system. D. systems can respond to the needs of the animal. 26. Animals respond to threats in their environment by attacking or escaping. Either response is the result, mostly, of interactions between– A. the circulatory system and the reproductive system. B. blood circulation and hormone production. C. the nervous system and the muscular system. D. respiratory rates and defense against pathogens. 27. The circulatory system requires the intervention of another body system to help regulate and deliver blood. Which of the following actions of tissues in another system contribute to the circulatory system doing its job of delivering blood? A. Contractions of muscles B. Secretions of glands C. Breakdown of food D. Production of gametes 28. Which of the following correctly provides an example of the hierarchical structure of living organisms? A. Organisms that live in the ocean, as opposed to on land, have developed different ways to obtain oxygen. B. Human blood cells are specialized to transfer oxygen throughout the body. C. The digestive system of animals is made up of organs that work together to break down food. D. Reptiles and amphibians have a shared ancestry, so many of their body structures are similar. 29. Which of the following best represents hierarchical structural organization in plants? A. Different cells with xylem tissue work together to transport water throughout the entire plant. B. Some plants have changed little over millions of years of evolution, while others have changed quite a bit. C. Many aspects of plant growth are influenced by access to light, water, and minerals. D. Thorns are an adaptation some plants use to protect themselves from predators. 30. The graph provided shows the population of an organism introduced to a new environment and how the population changed over sixty days  After the sharp rise, there was a leveling off of the population. What does this indicate? A. The life expectancy of the organisms in this population is about thirty days. B. This environment has only enough resources to support 250-300 individuals of this organism. C. This organism needs thirty days to reach maturity before it can reproduce. D. This species is unable to reproduce, in any habitat, beyond a population of around 300 individuals. 31. It was originally estimated by scientists that the carrying capacity of humans on earth was approximately 1 billion people. The population of earth is now over 7 billion people. What is the best explanation for this? A. Humans have greatly exceeded their carrying capacity. B. Humans now consume less resources than they did previously. C. Humans have become more efficient in producing and replenishing food resources. D. The earth has continued to grow at the same rate as the human population has. 32. An incomplete concept map of carrying capacity is provided.  Which of the following factors would most accurately be placed in the same side of the concept map as “Increase in population of competitors"? A. Increase in reproductive success B. Decrease in available living space C. Increase in availability of freshwater D. Decrease in population of predators 33. It is possible that a particular species will exceed its carrying capacity in the short term. Which of the following will be the end result for the species? A. Population growth will continue to increase but at a lesser rate B. The population will level out and no longer grow. C. The population will crash and experience a sudden decrease or extinction D. Other species will increase as well in order to balance the ecosystem 34. The populations of four species introduced into a new ecosystem are plotted, for the first one hundred days in the graph provided.  Which species was first to reach the carrying capacity of the ecosystem for that particular kind of organism? A. Species 1 B. Species 2 C. Species 3 D. Species 4 Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems: Environmental Impacts on OrganismsConstruct an argument that some animals form groups that help members survive. Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.
Examples: School of fish Herd Bird migrating together, finding food together Lions and wolves hunting in a pack Baboons defending other animals Algae feeding the planet Ocean Biology was covered in December: http://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/week-of-1203-ocean-biology Construct an argument with evidence that in a particular habitat some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot survive at all.
Water temperature affect the fish population People fishing affects the fish population Puffins need this species of fish to live Low fish population leads to puffin choosing not to lay an egg for the year Puffins move to another island People in Iceland are sad because they like to see puffins around Make a claim about the merit of a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes and the types of plants and animals that live there may change.
Tardigrade surviving dehydration Fairy shrimp in the desert Desert toads
Environmental change is a stressor Survival is natural Selection Things that can affect the ecosystem: Volcanic eruption Forest Fire Temperature Change Pesticides and herbicides Plague or infestation Nuclear bomb Examples: Pack social structure Lookouts Fish leaving the school of fish and making a new school of fish Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity
Examples: Genetic similarities between species Similar traits Protein in Birds' Eyes Helps Them 'See' Earth's Magnetic Field Called Cry4, the protein belongs to a group known to regulate circadian rhythms, or biological sleep cycles. Examples: Finch in Galapagos eating different foods Specialization bio-communities that we coveredSample questions for eocThe graph provided shows the population of an organism introduced to a new environment and how the population changed over sixty days  After the sharp rise, there was a leveling off of the population. What does this indicate? A. The life expectancy of the organisms in this population is about thirty days. B. This environment has only enough resources to support 250-300 individuals of this organism. C. This organism needs thirty days to reach maturity before it can reproduce. D. This species is unable to reproduce, in any habitat, beyond a population of around 300 individuals. It was originally estimated by scientists that the carrying capacity of humans on earth was approximately 1 billion people. The population of earth is now over 7 billion people. What is the best explanation for this? A. Humans have greatly exceeded their carrying capacity. B. Humans now consume less resources than they did previously. C. Humans have become more efficient in producing and replenishing food resources. D. The earth has continued to grow at the same rate as the human population has. An incomplete concept map of carrying capacity is provided.  Which of the following factors would most accurately be placed in the same side of the concept map as “Increase in population of competitors"? A. Increase in reproductive success B. Decrease in available living space C. Increase in availability of freshwater D. Decrease in population of predators It is possible that a particular species will exceed its carrying capacity in the short term. Which of the following will be the end result for the species? A. Population growth will continue to increase but at a lesser rate B. The population will level out and no longer grow. C. The population will crash and experience a sudden decrease or extinction D. Other species will increase as well in order to balance the ecosystem The populations of four species introduced into a new ecosystem are plotted, for the first one hundred days in the graph provided.  Which species was first to reach the carrying capacity of the ecosystem for that particular kind of organism? A. Species 1 B. Species 2 C. Species 3 D. Species 4 Animals engage in both individual and group behaviors. Which of the following is an example of an individual behavior? A. In a termite colony, different tasks are carried out by different types of termites. B. Monarch butterflies migrate long distances, traveling in groups of many millions. C. Juvenile chimpanzees model the actions of their parents and other adults. D. All members of an elephant herd will contribute to the care of any offspring. Most wolves hunt in packs while some individuals live and hunt alone. What data would be needed to support the claim that hunting as a group provides an advantage? A. The density of prey animals, measured in number of organisms per square kilometer, in the habitats of pack wolves and solitary wolves B. Hunting success, measured in kilograms of meat per individual per week, for wolves that hunt in packs and those that are solitary hunters C. The return on investment in hunting for the average wolf, measured in calories expended for hunting, divided by calories obtained in prey animals D. The number of different predator species in the habitat as compared to the number of different prey species Zebras live in large herds. When attacked by a predator, such as a lion, some individual zebras will engage in combat with the lion, rather than trying to escape. This behavior increases the risk of injury and death to the individual zebra. Why might this type of behavior evolve if it is so clearly a disadvantage to the individual? A. This behavior increases the survival advantage of other members of the herd and the species. B. This behavior ensures that only the strongest and most aggressive zebras pass on their genes. C. This behavior is an opportunity for zebras to prove themselves to potential mates. D. This behavior frightens predators in the area and makes future attacks less likely. Which of the following describes a survival advantage an individual organism derives from living in a large group with other individuals of the same species? A. They are less likely to contract a disease. B. They encounter reduced competition. C. They are less visible to predators. D. They can more easily find a mate. Which of the following animal behaviors could be disadvantageous to the individual organism, but increase the survival advantage of other members of its social group? A. Joeys stay within their mothers’ pouch for protection for several weeks. B. Newly hatched sea turtles will automatically begin moving toward the ocean. C. Squirrels vocalize loudly when they observe a predator in their habitat. D. Male peacocks compete for females with elaborate plumage and behaviors. how energy flows through a systemMitochondria in eukaryotes, animals Chloroplasts in prokaryotes, plants Make Energy (ATP) Plants make energy from the sun Animals make energy from plants The energy ATP Use for cell work DNA uses ATP for replication and transcription DNA is used as instructions to make proteins Proteins are chains of aminoacids Proteins are part of the food chain Food chains have trophic cycles:
Organisms live in communities in ecosystems The Planet Earth has a series of cycles Energy moves through the cycles systems of energy flowPhotosynthesis in Chloroplasts ATP generation in Mitochondria/ Krebs Cycle Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration Food Chain: Cycle of Matter and Population Growth Geoscience: Global Energy Transfer Systems:
Today: Draw a system of energy transfer A New One, Not Photosynthesis from Light, it was a good one, but we need a new one How Energy goes from Photosynthesis Light to Sugar Pages 91, 92 and 96 in book  Cellular Respiration: How Mitochondria makes ATP Book Pages: 112 and 113 Page 107: Food Powers Cellular Work Page 154: Cellular work, Transcription and Translation Page 177: Stages of mitosis  Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration: Aerobic: Uses oxygen Anaerobic: Does not use Oxygen Book pages: 111- 114, 115  Cycle of matter and population growth: Energy from sun moves through system by turning into food in the trophic cycle, higher number in trophic cycle, more of a consumer Book pages 437 and 438  Energy transfer systems to consider: How photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy. How carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules. LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms
Cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed, resulting in a net transfer of energy. Energy and Matter
Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems
Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem. Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems
Energy in Chemical Processes
Molecules to Organisms
Atoms make cells, make tissues, make organs, make systems of organs, make organisms, make ecosystems, make environments, make biomes, make planets Light is made of photons Photons go to plants Photosynthesis absorbs red and blue light, reflects back yellow and green Photosynthesis produces sugar, ATP, Oxygen is a by product The ATP is used to work, as energy Cell uses ATP to make protein by reading the DNA code to decide what amino acids to add to the amino acid chain that makes up a protein Cellular Respiration happens in Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell Cells make tissues- tissues make organs- organs make organ systems- organ systems make an organism- organisms make up a population- the environment is a set of interacting populations Photonselectromagnetic spectrum elements water molecule Water under an Electron MicroscopeHydrogen Bond: Positive connects to the negative Water can occur in three states: solid (ice), liquid, or gas (vapor).
sizes of moleculesAn Angstrom is 100 Picometers A Nanometer (NM) is 1000 Picometers (PM) A Micrometer (μm) is 1000 Nanometers (NM) A nanometer is a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9 meter, or one billionth of a meter.   what it means to be alive organic compoundsIn chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon. Four major categories are found in all living things:
 mitosis photosynthesisQuantum superposition: The feature of a quantum system whereby it exists in several separate quantum states at the same time. A photon can be in many places at the same time. how dna makes proteins and then cells, tissues, organs...organelles Nucleus The presence of a defined nucleus distinguishes a eukaryotic from prokaryotic cell. It controls all cellular activity and contains the cell’s genetic information. With the exception of translation, all steps of gene expression (including DNA replication and transcription) occur here, thereby allowing careful gene regulation in eukaryotes. Cell Wall This is a rigid layer encompassing cells of bacteria, algae, fungi and plant cells. It determines cell shape and provides tensile strength, structural support and protection against osmotic pressure. Bacteria are either gram-positive or gram-negative – their cell walls are composed of a peptidoglycan. In gram-negative bacteria, there is a cell wall between a plasma membrane and a permeable outer membrane. In gram-positive bacteria there is one plasma membrane, which is surrounded by a thicker cell wall. In contrast, eukaryotic cell walls (in fungi, algae, and higher plants) are composed principally of polysaccharides e.g. fungal cell walls are composed of chitin whilst higher plants and most algae cell walls are principally cellulose microfibrils. Centriole These are found in animal cells and uncommonly in some lower plant cells. Each centriole is composed of nine short lengths of microtubules each associated with 2 partial microtubules which are clustered together into cylinders. Two of these multi-subunit centrioles are arranged together to form an organized centrosome. Centrosomes are involved in mitosis as the main microtubule organizing center and is required to build the mitotic spindle. Chloroplast This double-membraned plant organelle in is similar in some ways to the mitochondria of animal cells. The outer membrane of the chloroplast is freely permeable to small molecules via porins unlike the inner membrane which allows molecular passage via specific membrane transporters. The chloroplast has a third membrane – the thylakoid membrane. This is required for the electron transport chain in order to generate energy (ATP). The chloroplast is responsible for the chemiosmotic reactions by which carbon dioxide is converted into carbohydrates and amino acids, fatty acids amongst other macromolecules. Cilia and Flagella These are cell protrusions involved in motion - when they beat, flagella propel an entire cell forwards whilst cilia brush material across an area. Both are constructed of a cylindrical arrangement of 9 filaments consisting of a complete and a partial which differ in length. There are also two additional microtubules which form the center of the bundle. The mechanism of motion involves energy (ATP) and the sliding of microtubules past one another – the action occurs when cross-bridges of the motor protein dynein extend from the complete microtubule of one filament to the partial microtubule of the adjacent filament. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) This organelle is a single membrane categorized as smooth or rough ER. The core structural difference is the presence of ribosomes embedded on the outer membrane surface of the rough ER – thus the rough ER is key in protein synthesis. In contrast, the smooth ER has no ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis. Golgi complex This organelle is composed of stacks of flat membranous sacs (cisternae) and its involved vesicles. The Golgi complex receives macromolecules such as proteins from the ER and further acts on them by processing and subsequently sorting them for transport to their destinations. Lysosomes These are the main catabolic organelle in eukaryotic cells. They contain hydrolyticenzymes to digest macromolecular cell components such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids. All of these enzymes are within the lysosome at an acidic pH maintained by an ATPase which pumps protons in from the cytoplasm. Numerous degradative pathways involve lysosomes – phagocytosis, endocytosis and autophagy. Together, these pathways encompass degradation of both external and internal components. Mitochondria These double-membraned organelles are crucial in generating energy in eukaryotic cells. The inner membrane is highly folded into cristae. Its impermeability to most small ions and molecules maintains the proton gradient for ATP synthesis. In contrast, the outer membrane is freely permeable to small molecules due to the presence of porins. Additionally, the mitochondrion is responsible for the production of some steroids, processing of calcium ions and governing cell death. Peroxisomes These membrane-bound organelles contain enzymes for numerous biochemical pathways e.g. the oxidation of compounds including hydrogen peroxide, amino acids, uric acid and fatty acids. Ribosomes This organelle is assembled of a small and large subunit each composed of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins. Ribosomes may either be free in the cytoplasm or embedded on the outer surface membrane of the rough ER. Their functionis to act as the platform for synthesize protein synthesis from their constituent amino acids.. Vacuoles These are membrane-bound, fluid-filled structures most common in plant and fungal cells required for molecular degradation and storage, detoxing and waste management. They maintain turgor pressure in the cell, thereby providing support and structure. cell membrane cellular respiration/ electron transport chainCellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The citric acid cycle – also known as the TCA cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide.
levels of organizationimmortal cell linesHeLa (/ˈheɪlɑː/; also Hela or hela) is an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line. The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who died of cancer on October 4, 1951. interacting body systems Our Planet's Interacting systems4 major interacting systems: Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere homeostasisThe tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes. Homeostatic regulation involves three parts or mechanisms: 1) the receptor 2) the control center 3) the effector The nervous and endocrine systems exert the ultimate control over homeostasis because they coordinate the functions of the body's systems. How the body maintains homeostasis: Regulation of
 Test PrepFrom Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes 1. (HS-LS1-1) Structure Of DNA 2. (HS-LS1-2) Interacting Systems 3. (HS-LS1-3) Homeostasis 4. (HS-LS1-4) Mitosis 5. (HS-LS1-5) Photosynthesis 6. (HS-LS1-6) Organic Compounds 7. (HS-LS1-7) Cellular Respiration sample questionsThe structure, properties, and transformations of matter can best be explained by which of the following? A. The way in which electromagnetic radiation interacts with different substances B. Gravitational forces from the environment on subatomic particles C. The number of atoms of an element in one mole of that substance D. Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic level Water and ammonia molecules are roughly the same size and the same mass but ammonia boils at -28°F (-33°C) and water boils at 212°F (100°C). What can we conclude about the intermolecular forces between water and ammonia? A. Water has stronger intermolecular forces B. Ammonia has stronger intermolecular forces C. The intermolecular forces are the same strength D. Not enough information is given Polymers are substances that are often flexible and durable. These properties are best explained by the fact that polymers are– A. large molecules synthesized through complex laboratory procedures. B. made, predominantly, of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. C. molecules consisting of long chains of repeating units of atoms. D. substances produced by plants that have these properties. The melting points and boiling points of substances can lead to inferences about the intermolecular attraction of the atoms of these substances because higher melting and boiling points indicate that– A. the atomic mass of the substances is smaller. B. the substances produce exothermic reactions. C. atomic radii increase as heat is added. D. more energy is needed to separate molecules. Which of the following best explains how the contact force friction arises from fundamental forces? A. Friction is the result of heat generated from the mechanical energy of two objects that are in motion. B. Friction is a combination of all of the mechanical forces on two objects in contact with each other, if one or the other is moving. C. Friction is the result of electromagnetic forces between charged particles constituting two contact surfaces. D. Friction results from the opposition to motion resulting from the chemical bonds within the materials of bodies in contact. An incomplete diagram of the process of photosynthesis is provided below.  What is the missing component representing the substance taken into the plant? A. Oxygen B. Soil C. Water D. Sugar A test tube is filled with water and a green plant called elodea. When the plant is exposed to sunlight, it begins to produce bubbles. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion for the identity of the gas in the bubbles?  A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. Water vapor D. Hydrogen Which of the following statements regarding the energy produced during cellular respiration is most accurate? A. The majority of the energy produced is lost to the environment as heat. B. The energy must be transferred across the cell membrane to be used. C. The energy produced must be stored in specialized organelles within the cell. D. The amount of energy produced is greater than the amount of energy required. Students are modeling cellular respiration using beads of different colors to represent different elements. Joining the beads together represents formation of chemical compounds. The students can best represent the process of cellular respiration by– A. joining all of the beads together to create the longest string possible. B. organizing beads into groups based on their colors and then joining them. C. combining beads of random colors in combinations all of the same length. D. taking apart combinations of beads, then joining them in new combinations. Shown here is an incomplete chemical equation for the reaction known as photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → 6O2 + ____ Which of the following substances correctly completes the equation? A. Water B. Carbon dioxide C. Glucose D. Oxygen The graph provided shows the level of dissolved carbon dioxide in the environment of an aquatic plant over a twenty-four hour period. The shaded portion of the graph represents the time in the daily cycle of the plant when which of the following is happening?  A. The plant switches from photosynthesis to metabolizing glucose. B. The plant is producing glucose at the highest levels of the day. C. The rate of photosynthesis is increasing due to increased sunlight. D. Levels of dissolved oxygen are increasing at a similarly rapid rate. Yeast is placed in a sugar solution in a sealed flask. What changes to the environment of the flask would support the claim that the yeast is performing anaerobic respiration? A. Decreasing CO2, increasing glucose, stable oxygen B. Increasing CO2, decreasing glucose, stable oxygen C. Stable CO2, decreasing glucose, increasing oxygen D. Increasing CO2, increasing glucose, decreasing oxygen  With the information provided in the table and illustration, which of the following is the most reasonable conclusion as to the classifications of the bacteria in the three test tubes? A. #1 = obligate anaerobes, #2 = facultative anaerobes, #3 = obligate aerobes B. #1 = facultative aerobes, #2 = obligate anaerobes, #3 = obligate anaerobes C. #1 = obligate aerobes, #2 = facultative anaerobes, #3 = obligate anaerobes D. #1 = obligate aerobes, #2 = obligate anaerobes, #3 = facultative anaerobes Sugar produced as a result of photosynthesis is made up of which of the following elements? A. Hydrogen, Magnesium, Carbon B. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen C. Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen D. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium  In the diagram of cellular processes provided, what terms correctly identify the missing labels? A. 1 = Chemical energy, 2 = Carbon dioxide, 3 = Respiration B. 1 = Light energy, 2 = Carbon dioxide, 3 = Respiration C. 1 = Light energy, 2 = Diatomic oxygen, 3 = Oxidation D. 1 = Heat energy, 2 = Carbon dioxide, 3 = Respiration Which of the following summarizes the flow of matter and energy in cellular respiration? A. Energy is consumed to rearrange carbon dioxide molecules into glucose and oxygen. B. Carbon and energy are required to transform sugar molecules into water molecules. C. Energy is released when sugar and oxygen are recombined to form carbon dioxide and water. D. As oxygen and carbon dioxide are used, energy and glucose are consumed. As living systems use energy they also transform matter. All of these matter transformations are the result of living systems– A. recombining elements in different ways to form new products. B. changing inorganic elements into new elements that are useful. C. removing the electric charge on large molecules to gain energy. D. using energy to break the bonds of organic compounds. Students placed a small population of single-celled organisms into a test tube of glucose solution. They monitored the concentration of glucose and the population of the organisms over a period of ten days and graphed the data on a single graph.  Which graph of the data would support the claim that the single-celled organisms use the glucose for cellular respiration to live, grow, and reproduce? A  Which of the following provides the best evidence that living things use and recombine carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to form molecules for new cells? A. The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are among the most common elements in the universe, but are not the most common elements on Earth. B. The cells of living things contain molecules made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the same elements found in the glucose consumed by living things. C. The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are able to bond with each other to form complex molecules that are chains of repeating structures. D. The relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found in the earth’s atmosphere have changed over the history of the planet during which living things evolved. Albumin is a protein produced in the liver of both pigs and humans. Based on this information, what other similarity can we predict between these two organisms? Both organisms– A. have more complex DNA than organisms that do not produce albumin. B. have DNA that codes for globulin, another protein found in the liver. C. produce new sequences of DNA in the same region of their livers. D. share a similar sequence in one section of their DNA that codes for albumin. Which of the following observations would support the claim that DNA determines the structure of proteins produced by cells? A. Organisms that produce proteins have different lengths of DNA. B. Similar DNA sequences are found in organisms that produce the same protein. C. Both DNA and the production of proteins was observed in early life forms. D. DNA is found in the nucleus of all cells that produce proteins. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a condition which results from the inability to produce a certain protein. Which of the following is most likely the cause of Huntington’s disease? A. A structural problem within the nucleus B. An increase in glucose in the blood C. A decrease in the fat intake of their diet D. A miscoding in the DNA sequence Scientists theorize that production of hemoglobin is coded on the molecular location shown below. Which of the following observations could be used as evidence to support this claim?  A. This sequence of DNA is adjacent to another section that codes for a blood protein. B. This sequence was found to be identical in a group of people who produce functioning hemoglobin. C. This section of DNA is different in people who are unable to produce functioning hemoglobin. D. All people who were unable to produce functioning hemoglobin had a DNA sequence of the same length. If two organisms are able to carry out the same life function, we can expect to find which of the following? A. Both organisms have specialized cells for this function. B. This function evolved in the two organisms at the same time. C. Both organisms live in the same habitat. D. These organisms have an identical number of chromosomes. Which of the following processes is directly responsible for growth in living organisms? A. The division of cells into two identical cells B. The movement of water across a cell membrane C. The production of reproductive cells called gametes D. The exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide DNA replication is an important part of cellular division because correct replication– A. ensures that identical and complete genetic information is passed to both daughter cells. B. produces mutations that usually are advantageous for the survival of the organism. C. combines sperm and egg to form a zygote that will develop into a new organism. D. communicates information about the cellular environment to adjacent cells. Differentiation of cells is responsible for which feature of complex organisms? Without differentiation, complex organisms would not– A. require nutrients for growth. B. be multicellular. C. have specialized tissues. D. respond to their environment. Mitosis maintains complex organisms by which of the following processes? A. The removal of waste from the body B. The exchange of gas with the environment C. The formation of sperm and egg D. The healing of a cut after an injury Complex organisms develop specialized tissues as a direct result of which of the following processes? A. Cellular respiration B. Cellular differentiation C. Cellular growth D. Cellular division All of the following are true of body systems within an animal, EXCEPT– A. each system within the body is made up of multiple parts. B. body systems interact with other body systems at a given time. C. each part of a system only has functions for that system. D. systems can respond to the needs of the animal. Animals respond to threats in their environment by attacking or escaping. Either response is the result, mostly, of interactions between– A. the circulatory system and the reproductive system. B. blood circulation and hormone production. C. the nervous system and the muscular system. D. respiratory rates and defense against pathogens. The circulatory system requires the intervention of another body system to help regulate and deliver blood. Which of the following actions of tissues in another system contribute to the circulatory system doing its job of delivering blood? A. Contractions of muscles B. Secretions of glands C. Breakdown of food D. Production of gametes Which of the following correctly provides an example of the hierarchical structure of living organisms? A. Organisms that live in the ocean, as opposed to on land, have developed different ways to obtain oxygen. B. Human blood cells are specialized to transfer oxygen throughout the body. C. The digestive system of animals is made up of organs that work together to break down food. D. Reptiles and amphibians have a shared ancestry, so many of their body structures are similar. Which of the following best represents hierarchical structural organization in plants? A. Different cells with xylem tissue work together to transport water throughout the entire plant. B. Some plants have changed little over millions of years of evolution, while others have changed quite a bit. C. Many aspects of plant growth are influenced by access to light, water, and minerals. D. Thorns are an adaptation some plants use to protect themselves from predators. All of the following are true of body systems within an animal, EXCEPT– A. each system within the body is made up of multiple parts. B. body systems interact with other body systems at a given time. C. each part of a system only has functions for that system. D. systems can respond to the needs of the animal. Animals respond to threats in their environment by attacking or escaping. Either response is the result, mostly, of interactions between– A. the circulatory system and the reproductive system. B. blood circulation and hormone production. C. the nervous system and the muscular system. D. respiratory rates and defense against pathogens. The circulatory system requires the intervention of another body system to help regulate and deliver blood. Which of the following actions of tissues in another system contribute to the circulatory system doing its job of delivering blood? A. Contractions of muscles B. Secretions of glands C. Breakdown of food D Production of gametes Which of the following correctly provides an example of the hierarchical structure of living organisms? A. Organisms that live in the ocean, as opposed to on land, have developed different ways to obtain oxygen. B. Human blood cells are specialized to transfer oxygen throughout the body. C. The digestive system of animals is made up of organs that work together to break down food. D. Reptiles and amphibians have a shared ancestry, so many of their body structures are similar. Which of the following best represents hierarchical structural organization in plants? A. Different cells with xylem tissue work together to transport water throughout the entire plant. B. Some plants have changed little over millions of years of evolution, while others have changed quite a bit. C. Many aspects of plant growth are influenced by access to light, water, and minerals. D. Thorns are an adaptation some plants use to protect themselves from predators. Stomates are small openings on the leaves of plants. The following data was recorded for the stomates of a particular plant under various conditions of moisture in the air as measured by relative humidity.  The data in the table could be used to support which explanation of a function of stomates? Stomates are responsible for– A. preventing the loss of moisture from the plant to the environment. B. regulating the flow of water from one cell to another in the plant. C. ridding the plant of excess water vapor in dry conditions. D. allowing the plant to absorb water from the soil after it rains. Students recorded their heart rates in several situations. Which of the following data collected would illustrate a feedback response? A. All students had a constant heart rate while they were at rest. B. All of the student’s heart rates are within a certain range. C. The heart rates of males were higher on average than females. D. Every student had an elevated heart rate during exercise. Negative feedback mechanisms are common among plants and animals while positive feedback mechanisms are very rare. Why are negative feedback mechanisms so much more prevalent? A. Positive feedback mechanisms have a higher energy cost. B. Negative feedback mechanisms provide energy for cell growth. C. Positive feedback mechanisms evolved much later than negative feedback mechanisms. D. Only negative feedback mechanisms lead to homeostasis, important for life. Of the investigations described below, which could be used to provide data to test the idea that root growth in plants is a feedback mechanism in response to environmental conditions? Of the investigations described below, which could be used to provide data to test the idea that root growth in plants is a feedback mechanism in response to environmental conditions? A. Measure the roots of different kinds of plants that live in the same conditions in different habitats. B. Remove the roots of plants and monitor their ability to continue to grow at various temperatures. C. Measure the growth rates of various plants with different size roots living under the same environmental conditions. D. Grow the same kind of plants in various levels of soil moisture and record the length of their roots. |
Author: Jazmin GannonA place to grow Archives
January 2021
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