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3/21/2019

seasons

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Spring just started, how do seasons work?



The tilt of the Earth's AXIS is the most important reason why seasons occur.

We have hot summers and cold winters because of the tilt of the Earth's axis.

​The tilt of the Earth means the Earth will lean towards the Sun (Summer) or lean away from the Sun (Winter) 6 months later.

It is summer in the US while it is winter in Brazil
​
Picture

https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/seasons-causes.html
​

Picture

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34334712


cultures around the world were aware of the equinox



the PHYSICS of something



Photons have no shape - they are massless particles. They are just discrete packets of electromagnetic energy. Anything that travels at the speed of light has zero length. This 
makes it even harder to predict the photon's shape (even if it had one).
​


sun physics


Picture

https://www.josephwatso.com/blog/sun
​

Picture

https://www2.hao.ucar.edu/Education/questions-and-answers-about-sun
​


sun structure


Picture

http://www.holoscience.com/wp/our-misunderstood-sun/
​


solar winds


Picture

​http://planetfacts.org/what-are-solar-winds/
​


coronal mass ejection


Picture
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https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/
​

http://www.astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2013/05/sun-and-cmes
​


Van allen radiation belt


Picture

https://www.britannica.com/science/Van-Allen-radiation-belt
​

Picture

https://www.geek.com/news/group-of-physicists-plans-to-wipe-out-earths-van-allen-belts-with-radio-waves-1586037/
​

Picture

https://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2015/06/Current_complexity
​


Sun radiation photo of the day


Picture

https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap180204.html
​


light frequencies at sunset


Picture

http://gsp.humboldt.edu/OLM/Courses/GSP_216_Online/lesson2-1/scatter.html
​


sunset in mars



​The atmosphere on Mars is different from that of the Earth and has a significant amount of fine particulate in the atmosphere.

This causes different light scattering than what we see here on Earth.

The dust in the Martian atmosphere allows blue light to penetrate the atmosphere more efficiently than longer-wavelength light.

That causes the blue colors in the mixed light coming from the sun to stay closer to sun's part of the sky, compared to the wider scattering of yellow and red colors.

The effect is most pronounced near sunset, when light from the sun passes through a longer path in the atmosphere than it does at mid-day. this produces a blue tinted sunset on Mars.
​

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3/18/2019

Immune system

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More on how our immune system works



​We do have some antibiotic resistant bacteria, one of the most notable is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

MRSA sickens around 94,000 people per year, and kills about 19,000

Bacteria was covered back in chapter 14, lets go to page 274

This staph infection can be transferred through
​
  • Skin to skin contact
  • Used soap and towels
  • Contaminated surfaces

​Cellulitis (sel-u-LIE-tis) is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection. The affected skin appears swollen and red and is typically painful and warm to the touch.

Cellulitis usually affects the skin on the lower legs, but it can occur in the face, arms and other areas.

​
​
Cellulitis occurs when bacteria,
​most commonly 
streptococcus and staphylococcus, enter through a crack or break in your skin. The incidence of a more serious staphylococcus infection called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing.



https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cellulitis
​

antibiotic medicine


Antibiotics: are chemicals that either kill bacteria or slow their growth interfering with the function of essential bacterial cell structures. 

Bacteria can become resistant because they are constantly mutating and adapting to pressure.

Antibacterial products are natural selection, we are selecting for the strongest bacteria by killing off the bacteria that is susceptible to the antibacterial chemicals. 


Drainage of a cyst should be done by a doctor in a medical setting to prevent contamination and infection. 
​


chapter 29 is on the immune system


Immune system: a system of cells and tissues that acts to defend the body against foreign cells and infectious agents. 

Immunity: The resistance to a given pathogen by the immune system

Pathogen: Infectious agent, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Virus: A virus is a biological agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected by a virus, a host cell is forced to produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus at an extraordinary rate.

Has a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein shell. 

Page 586 shows how virus will enter a cell and use the cell to replicate.

Lymphocyte: specialized white blood cell
​


B Cells: a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.

Thymus: where T Cells mature

T Cells: a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.

Helper T Cells: type of T cell that helps activate B cells

Cytotoxic T Cell: Type of T cell that destroys altered cells, including virally infected cell

Antigen: Molecule to which antibodies bind

Antibody: A protein produced by B cells that binds to antigens and either neutralized them or flags other cells to destroy pathogens

Memory cells: A long-lived B or T cells that is produced during the primary response that is rapidly activated in the secondary response

Primary Response: The adaptive response mounted the first time a particular antigen is encountered by the immune system

Secondary Response: Rapid and strong response mounted when a particular antigen is encountered by the immune system subsequent to the first encounter

Lymph nodes: small organs in the lymphatic system where B and T cells may encounter pathogens

Lymphocyte: specialized white blood cell of the immune system

Adaptive Immunity: A protective response mediated by lymphocytes, for long lasting immunity against specific pathogens

Cell-Mediated Immunity: Adaptive immunity that rids the body of altered infected cells
​
Innate Immunity: non-specific immunity such as barriers like skin and chemical barriers that are present from birth

Histamine: A molecule released by damaged tissue and during allergic reactions

Allergy: A misdirected immune response against environmental substances such as dust, pollen, and food

Autoimmune disease:  A misdirected immune response in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells.

Inflammatory Response: an innate defense activated by local tissue damage

Phagocyte: Type of white blood cell, lives in tissues, responds to inflammatory response.

Neutrophil: Phagocytic cell in the circulation that plays and important role in inflammatory response

Natural Killer Cell: Type of white blood cell that destroys virally infected cells and tumor cells

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death

Interferon: Antiviral proteins produced by virally infected cells to protect other cells from becoming infected

Complement Proteins: Protein in blood that help destroy pathogens by coating or puncturing them

Vaccine: Preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms or viruses that is given to people or animals to generate a memory immune response




hiv destroys helper t cells



Medical prevention of hiv


Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a way for people who do not have HIV but who are at substantial risk of getting it to prevent HIV infection by taking a pill every day
  •  The pill (brand name Truvada) contains two medicines (tenofovir and emtricitabine) that are used in combination with other medicines to treat HIV.
  • When someone is exposed to HIV through sex or injection drug use, these medicines can work to keep the virus from establishing a permanent infection.

When taken consistently, PrEP has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV infection in people who are at high risk by up to 92%. PrEP is much less effective if it is not taken consistently.
​

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/prep/index.html
​

Click here for side effect information to consider: 
​

https://endinghiv.org.au/blog/6-side-effects-of-prep/

preP



antiretroviral medication


The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a combination of antiretroviral drugs for people starting HIV treatment:

  • TDF (tenofovir)
  • either 3TC (lamivudine) or FTC (emtricitabine)
  • and EFV (efavirenz).

​Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

  • Abacavir, or ABC (Ziagen)
  • Didanosine, or ddl (Videx)
  • Emtricitabine, or FTC (Emtriva)
  • Lamivudine, or 3TC (Epivir)
  • Stavudine, or d4T (Zerit)
  • Tenofovir alafenamide, or TAF (Vemlidy)
  • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, or TDF (Viread)
​
https://www.avert.org/living-with-hiv/starting-treatment
​

We are adapting



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3/13/2019

Nervous system health

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It is Pi 3.14 Day


Math is trippy, we won't watch the second video, it is just here in case you are interested

​The number 
π is a mathematical constant. Originally defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.
​
Picture
https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/pi.html
Geometry in nature...
Picture
Picture
Picture
Picture
https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters
https://wakeup-world.com/

fractals


Never ending patterns that make everything

Math is the language of the universe
​

​Mandelbrot Set:  
https://www.wikihow.com/Plot-the-Mandelbrot-Set-By-Hand
Picture
Julia Set: https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/38514/The-beauty-of-fractals-A-simple-fractal-rendering
Picture

math in nature



Algorithm: 
a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.
​
https://plus.maths.org/content/computing-mandelbrot-set

cymatic energy


Frequency affects form

quantum physics and the underlying rules that govern reality


Quantum Mechanics: 

The branch of mechanics that deals with the mathematical description of the motion and interaction of subatomic particles, incorporating the concepts of quantization of energy, wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and the correspondence principle.
​


how neurons transfer energy


It is not exactly just electricity moving from cell to cell, there is complexity

Our nervous system needs sugar, not too much:

People whose blood sugar is too high or difficult to control are more susceptible to cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, eye problems and other complications, including nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy). ...

​“When a nerve is damaged, you may feel tingling, pins and needles, burning or sharp, stabbing 
pain
.”
​
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/high-blood-sugar-toxic-nerves-heres-avoid/
​
Picture

How nicotine moves



rude people putting bad stuff in e-cigs?



neuroscience of Cannabis


We do not promote or encourage the use of any drug, it is important to cover the known neuroscience of the effects of drugs, awareness is the key.  Education can help us make better, healthier decisions.  


medical benefits



other drugs that have been studied



​Ayahuasca
 is a traditional plant medicine, a blend of vine Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotropia viridis. 


https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/banisteriopsis-caapi

LSD The psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in the Sandoz laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. It was not until five years later on April 19, 1943, that the psychedelic properties were found.
​
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It has a popular image as a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness, though its actual biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes.
Picture
Picture
http://neurochem.weebly.com/lsd.html
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/

Picture

chemical structures


Hexagons are carbon rings, benzene rings, Six Carbon and Six Hydrogen molecules
Picture
​https://www.angelo.edu/
Picture
http://www.townsendarc.com/Club%20Drugs.html
Picture

https://drugabuse.com/featured/from-bath-salts-to-flakka/
​


​Chemical Formulas for drugs have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
in a form that fits into the neurological pathways,
nothing new, nothing that is not already in you.

Psilocybin has phosphorous, our nerves need phosphorous

The Three Minerals You Need to Balance Your Nervous System –

Phosphorus
, Potassium, and Calcium.

​Nutrition plug:

​Fruits and vegetables tend to be high 
potassium sources.

High-
protein foods, such as meats, along with dried beans and peas, tend to be high in phosphorus.

Double jeopardy foods that are high in both 
potassium and phosphorus include dairy products, nuts, seeds, chocolate and some whole-grain foods.


Chemical Formulas: 

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)          C21H30O2
Psilocybin                                          C12H17N2O4P
​LSD                                                     C20H25N3O
Cocaine                                              C17H21NO4
Heroin                                                C21H23NO5
Salvia Divinorum                              C23H28O8
Caffeine                                             
C8H10N4O2
Nicotine                                             C10H14N2​

Plant sugar sucrose                         C12H22O11

There are over 480 natural components found within the Cannabis sativa plant:
http://learnaboutmarijuanawa.org/factsheets/cannabinoids.htm

Picture
https://www.123rf.com/

Plants are to be respected and not used for RECREATIOn 



​We have a culture of commodification and exploitation of plants.

The Use of Salvia divinorum from a Mazatec Perspective:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-76720-8_4 

Entheogen​
​
en·the·o·gen

/enˈthēəˌjen,-jən/
noun
  1. a chemical substance, typically of plant origin, that is ingested to produce a nonordinary state of consciousness for religious or spiritual purposes.

Ethnobotany

Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people. An ethnobotanist thus strives to document the local customs involving the practical uses of local flora for many aspects of life, such as plants as medicines, foods, and clothing.


dmt simulation videos look like math fractals


Geometry and the imagination, we do not need drugs to be in the present moment

A Helpful Organization: https://www.erowid.org/
​

long term effects on relying on a drug 



​Drugs teach people that they do not need drugs, eventually. 

​They usually then tell other people that they do not need drugs.

Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse by binding to the dopamine transporters. This results in a buildup of dopamine in the synapse.


In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior.
​
Picture

​https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/
​
Picture

​https://medium.com/@DavidRainoshek/top-neuroscientist-explains-how-big-pharma-s-adderall-is-essentially-crystal-meth-1d56f83789d

ways to build up serotonin



Sunshine

Going out into nature

Music and Arts

Expressing yourself freely round supportive people

Community

Feeling safe

Hanging out with pets

Hanging out with friends and family

B Vitamins

Omega Fatty Acids

Anything that helps you feel happy, supported, and loved

Learning new skills

Teaching others new skills
​
https://www.brainmdhealth.com/blog/4-ways-to-boost-your-serotonin/
https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sleep/foods-that-could-boost-your-serotonin

meditation



myelin sheath health


Nutrients for myelin sheath: 
​
  • Vitamin D.
  • Omega-3 fatty acids.

Multiple Sclerosis: A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves.

Multiple sclerosis causes many different symptoms, including vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination. The symptoms, severity, and duration can vary from person to person. Some people may be symptom free most of their lives, while others can have severe chronic symptoms that never go away.
​

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/

​What you can do to prevent Alzheimer's | Lisa Genova



nerve grafting



​Chiari 



brain storage



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3/12/2019

Medical PROCedURES

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stem cell research



​There are three types of stem cells: 
  • adult stem cells
  • embryonic (or pluripotent) stem cells
  • and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
​https://americansforcures.org/stem-cells/what-are-the-different-kinds-of-stem-cells/

IVF in vitro fertilization



Pro egg freezing for IVF Video



lies about fertility



gastric bypass


Chapter 26
Digestion:

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in subunits so that nutrients can be absorbed.

Ingestion:

The act of taking food into the mouth.

Digestive Tract:

The central pathway of the digestive system; a long muscular tube the pushes food between the mouth ant the anus,

Salivary Glands:

Glands that secrete enzymes, including salivary amylase, which digests carbohydrates, into the mouth.

Tongue:

A muscular organ in the mouth that aids in swallowing

Esophagus:

The section of the digestive tract between the mouth and the stomach

Peristalsis:

​Coordinate muscular contractions that force food down the digestive tract.

Stomach:

An expandable muscular organ that stores, mechanically breaks down, digests proteins in food.

Pepsin:

A protein-digesting enzyme that is active in the stomach

Chyme:

The acidic :soup"of partially digested food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

Small Intestine:

The organ in which the bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs.

Duodenum:

The first portion of the small intestine; the duodenum receives the chyme from the stomach and mixes it with digestive secretions from other organs 

Pancreas:

An organ that helps digestion by producing enzymes (lipase) that act in the small intestine, secretes a juice that neutralizes acidic chyme. 

Liver: 

Aids digestion by producing bile salts and emulsifying fats.

Bile salts:

Chemicals produces by the liver an stored by the gallbladder that emulsify fats s they can be chemically digested by enzymes

Emulsify:

To break up large fat globules into small fat droplets that can be more efficiently chemically digested by enzymes.

Gallbladder: 

Organ that stores bile salts and releases them as needed into the small intestine.

Lipase:

A fat-digesting enzyme active in the small intestine

Epithelial cells:

cells that line organs and body cavities; in the digestive tract to absorb nutrients.

Absorption:

The uptake of digested food molecules by the epithelial cells lining the small intestin

Villi:

Finger-like projections or folds in the lining of the small intestine that are responsible for nutrient absorption and water absorption 

Large intestine:

Remaining water is absorbed and solid stool is formed.

Colon:

The first and longest portion of the large intestine, water absorption.

Stool:

Solid waste material eliminated form the digestive tract.


hernia



www.webmd.com
​

A hernia occurs when an organ pushes through an opening in the muscle or tissue that holds it in place.

For example, the intestines may break through a weakened area in the abdominal wall.

Hernias are most common in the abdomen, but they can also appear in the upper thigh, belly button, and groin areas.

body mechanics



ulcer



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3/5/2019

Fire management possibility

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Carbon capture can help with carbon dioxide emissions and can also help with fire management



Carbon Dioxide from Carbon emission can put out a fire, a forest fire or a brush fire



Carbon dioxide can be trapped and turned into carbon or baking soda, it can be stored underground, or stored in case of a fire emergency, baking soda has sodium, adding salt to the soil is not good but this can help with parts of the fire


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3/3/2019

The other half of the systems

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We went over the following systems last week


Intergumentary System: Skin, hair, nails

Muscular System: Cardiac, Smooth Muscle, Skeletal Muscle

Circulatory System: Heart, Lungs, Aorta, Veins

Skeletal System: Bones and Cartilage

Urinary System: Bladder, Kidneys, Ureters

Digestive System: Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Stomach, Mesentery, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

Nervous System: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve Cells

this week we will cover


Endocrine System: communication within the body using hormones made by tissues including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

Lymphatic System: transfers lymph fluid from tissues into the blood and includes the cells and organs of the immune system, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow 

Respiratory System: organs involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood.  Organs include trachea, lungs, and diagram 

Reproductive System: development of offspring, testes, penis, ovaries and uterus 

the brain and endocrine system are quite connected




Parts of the Brain and what they do


Somewhat true, overall true, but its not that simple:

​The left side of the 
brain is responsible for controlling the right side of the body. It also performs tasks that have to do with logic, such as in science and mathematics. On the other hand, the right hemisphere
 coordinates the left side of the body, and performs tasks that have do with creativity and the arts.
​
http://brainmadesimple.com/left-and-right-hemispheres.html
​

Picture
Right/Left cerebral hemisphere:
​
  • Functions: Right is Responsible for control of the left side of the body, and is the more artistic and creative side of the brain 
​
  • Left Functions: Responsible for control of the right side of the body, and is the more academic and logical side of the brain

Central sulcus:
​
  • The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe and the frontal lobe.
​
  • Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four lobes by sulci and gyri. The sulci (or fissures) are the grooves and the gyri are the "bumps" that can be seen on the surface of the brain. 

Pineal gland:

  • Endocrine organ, the function of the pineal gland was the last discovered.
 
  • Located deep in the center of the brain, the pineal gland was once known as the “third eye.”
​
  • The pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.

Ventricle:
​
  • The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced.

Thalamus:

  • Large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the brain
 
  • Several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

Hypothalamus: 

  • Location: Above the pituitary gland and below the thalamus
​
  • Function: Responsible for behaviors such as hunger and thirst, as well as the maintenance of body temperature

Midbrain:

Picture
Pons:

  • Location: Area of the hindbrain that sits directly above the medulla
 
  • Function: Connects upper and lower parts of the brain

Medulla oblongata:

  • Location: Lower part of the brain stem
 
  • Function: Carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate 

​Cerebellum: 
​
  • Location: Lower area of the brain, below the pons
​
  • Function: Responsible for balance and coordination  of muscles and the body

Spinal cord:
​
  • Connects brain to rest of the body

  • It connects a large part of the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
​
  • Information (nerve impulses) reaching the spinal cord through sensory neurons are transmitted up into the brain.
​

Brain lobes


Picture
https://www.mayoclinic.org/brain-lobes/img-20008887
​

  • ​Each side of your brain contains four lobes.

  • The frontal lobe is important for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity.

  • The parietal lobe processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement, while the occipital lobe is primarily responsible for vision.
​
  • The temporal lobe processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch.

​
The hypothalamus acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems to achieve this. It plays a part in many essential functions of the body such as:
​
  • body temperature
  • thirst
  • appetite and weight control
  • emotions
  • sleep cycles
  • sex drive
  • childbirth
  • blood pressure and heart rate
  • production of digestive juices
  • balancing bodily fluid
​
​https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312628.php
​
  • The pituitary gland is a part of your endocrine system.
​
  • Its main function is to secrete hormones into your bloodstream.
​

myths about right vs left




​The Dangers of Ingesting Alcoholic Drinks And Xanax Together


Both Xanax and alcohol depress the central nervous system, which is responsible for your breathing. Taking both of these drugs can result in breathing becoming so slow and shallow that death ultimately results. 

​​https://www.alcohol.org/mixing-with/xanax/

​Understanding more about CNS depressants demonstrates why mixing alcohol with other medications can be risky. Specifically, these medications cause the messages being sent through the body by the nervous system to slow down in one way or another. As described by Healthline, slowing down the CNS results in the following:
​
  • Drowsiness
  • Relaxation
  • Slowed cognitive function
  • Slowed heart rate and breathing
  • Decreased anxiety
  • Decreased coordination

​Other Benzodiazepines:
​
  • Alprazolam
  • Ativan
  • Chlordiazepoxide
  • Clonazepam
  • Diazepam
  • Klonopin
  • Librium
  • Lorazepam
  • Valium
  • Xanax​
​

The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
​
Benzodiazepines are a type of medication known as tranquilizers. 
​

​
Benzodiazepines operate widely in the brain, affecting emotional reactions, memory, thinking, control of consciousness, muscle tone and coordination.

​B
enzodiazepines enhance the action of the neurotransmitter, GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid).
​

miyelyn sheath in nerve cells



endocrine system



menstrual cycle



lymphatic system



respiratory system



Reproductive system





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    Author: Jazmin Gannon

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