ALMA D'ARTE

Alma d' Arte Biology


  • Home
  • Assignments
  • Syllabus
  • Resources

2/19/2020

Genetics

0 Comments

Read Now
 

Punnet Squares



​The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

It is named after Reginald C. 
Punnett.

The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
​

Picture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnett_square#/media/File:Punnett_Square.svg
​

Picture

​https://www.quora.com/How-can-a-Punnett-square


monohybrid cross


A monohybrid cross is a breeding experiment between P generation (parental generation) organisms that differ in a single given trait. The P generation organisms are homozygous for the given trait.
​

Picture
https://www.thoughtco.com/monohybrid-cross-a-genetics-definition-373473

Dihybrid cross



​Dihybrid cross is a cross between two different lines/genes that differ in two observed traits. According to Mendel's statement, between the alleles of both these loci there is a relationship of completely dominant - recessive traits.
​

Picture
https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Dihybrid_Cross.html
​

Picture

​https://www.quora.com/How-did-you-get-a-genotype-ratio-in-mendel-dihybrid-cross

Mendelian Genetics



Examples of Dominant vs Recessive Genes


Picture

https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/biology_it-takes/


Genetics Vocabulary


Dominant allele:
​

An allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different

​Recessive allele:

An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical​


Coding DNA:

Sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures

Phenotype:

Physical genetic expression

Genotype:

Internal genetic expression

Allele:

Variation of a genetic trait


Gamete:

a Sex cell


Gene expression:

Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein

https://www.vocabulary.com/lists/32017

​


Codominance


Picture
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Codominance

Picture
https://ibiologia.com/codominance/
​


x-Linked Trait


Picture
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/calico.html
​


Calico cats
 are almost always female because the locus of the gene for the orange/non-orange coloring is on the X chromosome.
​

Picture
https://petcentral.chewy.com/behavior-pet-facts-are-all-orange-cats-male-all-calico-cats-female/


Examples


Sickle cell: ​In sickle cell anemia, blood is also chronically low in oxygen
Picture

https://sites.google.com/site/prettyeasybio/genes-vocabulary/punnett-squares
​

Albinism
​

Picture
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/245861
http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Misc/Data/Comprehensive_data_on_albinism.htm
​


Huntington' Disease

Picture

​https://vanhornhuntingtonsdisease.weebly.com/

Olympic Medalist Sarah Winckless:
​

Picture
https://www.henleystandard.co.uk/news/home/112117/i-became-world-champion-and-olympic-bronze-medallist-even-though-i-d-been-diagnosed-with-debilitating-and-incurable-disease.html
​

https://vanhornhuntingtonsdisease.weebly.com/
Polydactyly:
​

Picture

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321607
​


Cystic Fibrosis:

Picture
https://sites.google.com/a/wyckoffschools.org/genetics-challenge/2-pedigree-analysis

Share

0 Comments

2/17/2020

Genetics and genetic drift

0 Comments

Read Now
 

Endosymbiotic theory 



​The endosymbiosis theory proposes that 
cyanobacteria may have evolved into the chloroplasts that exist in plant cells today (Gault and Marler, 2009)

​Cyanobacteria don't have chloroplasts. Instead, the chlorophyll is stored in thylakoids in their cytoplasm.



Diazotrophs


Diazotrophs are able to conduct nitrogen fixation.

​Cyanobacteria can convert inert, atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form (e.g. nitrate or ammonia) that other organisms, including plants, can use.

'True plants' are not able to do this. They can only use the organic form of nitrogen and have to rely man-made fertilisers or form a symbiotic relationship with diazotrophs (nitrogen-fixing bacteria).
​
https://owlcation.com/stem/What-are-Cyanobacteria-and-how-are-they-Similar-or-Different-from-True-Plants
​


DNA Plasmid


Picture

​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid​
Picture

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-cloning-tutorial/a/overview-dna-cloning
​



Atmospheric Nitrogen:
​

Picture
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/hydrogen-bonding/
​

Ammonia:
​

Picture

https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/ammonia-acid-base.html
​

Nitrate:
Picture

​https://www.360yieldcenter.com/2017/04/where-is-my-nitrogen-the-positives-and-negatives-of-anhydrous/

Nitrogen Cycle:

Picture
http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=3920
​


The nitrogen cycle:

Nitrogen is cycled through an ecosystem by both plants and animals. 

Decomposers break down dead organisms and their waste products to release ammonia in a process called ammonification. 

Organisms called nitrifying bacteria convert this ammonia into nitrates in a process called nitrification. 

These nitrates can be used by plants to make amino acids. 

The process of converting nitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia is called nitrogen fixation. 

This process is carried out by bacteria that live in the soil and in plant roots. 

Plants can absorb both ammonia and nitrates from the soil, but animals cannot. 

​Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other organisms and then digesting the proteins they contain.



Nitrogen is needed for proteins and for DNA structures



​Proteins are chains of amino acids, polymers, long chains of repeating units:

Picture

https://di.uq.edu.au/community-and-alumni/sparq-ed/sparq-ed-services/proteins

Picture

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/protein-structure-14122136/


Nitrogen forms peptide bonds:

Peptide: 

a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type -OC-NH-.


Picture

​https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-of-molecular-structure-of-protein-as-an-absorber-of-ultraviolet-laser_fig3_267938823
​
Picture

​https://cnx.org/contents/013562a1-5fe6-4328-88c3-da5f69f3a230@1/F2016_Bis2A_Lecture05_reading_Igo
​


​And these peptide bonds form chain of amino acids:

Picture

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4971746/


Nucleic Bases are in DNA and RNA:

Picture

https://www.atdbio.com/content/5/Nucleic-acid-structure
​

Picture

​https://www.microscopemaster.com/dna-under-the-microscope.html
​

DNA is organized into a double helix:
​
Picture

​https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2240913/DNAs-double-helix-pictured-time-Researchers-hope-new-technique-reveal-molecule-works.html
​

DNA is bundled up into chromosomes:
​

Picture

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/178032991493610827/?lp=true
​


​RNA is half of the DNA strand:

RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine
​

Picture

​https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/microbiology/rna/


RNA is read by ribosomes in DNA Translation to make proteins by linking amino acids to make chains of amino acids, polymers, also called polypeptides.

Picture

​https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-393/
​


Genetic sequences in chromosomes are called genes


Picture
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1328-mistakes-in-dna
​

​
gene

plural noun: genes


(in informal use) a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
"proteins coded directly by genes"


(in technical use) a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize.

​https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/gene
​


Chromosomes go through changes to create a variety of gametes



​Crossing over occurs between prophase I and metaphase I of meiosis, some genes are swapped to create unique gametes.
​
Picture
https://www.quora.com/Does-crossing-over-occur-between-all-the-23-pairs-of-chromosomes

A gamete is a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
​

Picture

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2DBsovDXxE
​


​Gamete production is meiosis:


Complex organisms 



Life forms have gone from tiny archaea, to single celled prokaryotes, to complex multi-cellular organisms that have tissues that form organs.
​

Picture

​http://cosmology.com/Cosmology3.ht
ml

Picture

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/types-of-microorganisms/


​https://biodifferences.com/difference-between-archaea-and-bacteria.html


Speciation



Speciation is the forming of a whole new species.

Adaptation comes from changes in genetics that help the species survive. 

New species may result from adaptation and niche filling. 

​To reduce competition creatures might engage in different behaviors, or eat different, things and eventually become a different species. 

Animals that are able to survive are able to pass on their genes and their offspring are better able to survive.

Genes can affect color, shape, behavior, scent, and texture.

In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is the process of quick adaptation and change as members of a species find different niches and  become separate species, this may happen when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches.
​

Picture

​https://www.britannica.com/science/adaptive-radiation
​

Picture

​http://apbiomaedahs.weebly.com/1c-life-continues-to-evolve.html

Share

0 Comments

2/12/2020

Adaptation and change

1 Comment

Read Now
 

Ecosystems and adaptation


We have an interdependent system of systems that we call the ecosystem

​Each being is part of a trophic level: there are several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem.
​
Picture
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/photo/marine-food-pyramid-1/
​

​Biosphere: the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.

Abiotic Factors: non-living components of a biosphere
​
  • water
  • oxygen, air
  • sunlight
  • temperature
  • soil/rock/ sand

​Biotic Factors:  all living components of a biosphere from single celled beings an onward

Symbiosis: interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
​
Picture

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-4-ecology/41-species-communities-and/species-interactions.html
​


IT TAKES A LONG TIME FOR SPECIES TO  ADAPT AND CHANGE


  • plant breeding has taken thousands of years
  • people have been farming corn for an estimated 12,000
  • the Earth is estimated to be about 4.5 billion years old
​
Picture
http://www.geologyin.com/2016/12/10-interesting-facts-about-geological.html

Stromatolites: are about 3.5 billion years old, calcareous mounds built of layers of lime-secreting cyanobacteria and trapped sediment, found in Precambrian rocks as the earliest known fossils, and still being formed in lagoons in Australasia. Stromatolites were originally formed by the growth of layer upon layer of cyanobacteria, a single-celled photosynthesizing microbe.

Prokaryotes: about 3.5 billion years ago, a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.
​
  • Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.
​

How do we know how old fossils are?



​Radiometric Dating:
 The use of radioactive isotopes as a measure for determining the age of a rock or fossil

Radioactive isotope: an unstable form of an element that decays into another element by radiation, that is, by emitting energetic particles

Half-Life: the amount of time it takes for one half of a substance to decay

Uranium-238: has a half life of 4.5 billion years

Potassium-40: has a half life of 1.3 billion years
​

Some Animals are finding ways to PHOTOSYNTHESIZE 


Some animals have learned how to photosynthesize by adopting chloroplasts.
​
Aphids
​
Picture

​https://phys.org/news/2012-08-evidence-photosynthesis-like-aphids.html

https://www.nature.com/news/photosynthesis-like-process-found-in-insects-1.11214
​

Sea Slugs
​
Picture

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/07/solar-powered-photosynthetic-sea-slugs-in-decline


​Cyanobacteria: phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen. 

​Cryptobiotic (biological) soil crust: a living groundcover that forms the foundation of desert plant life.
​
  • This knobby, black crust is dominated by cyanobacteria, but also includes lichens, mosses, green algae, microfungi and bacteria.

  • When wet, Cyanobacteria move through the soil and bind rock or soil particles, forming an intricate web of fibers. In this way, loose soil particles are joined together, and an otherwise unstable surface becomes very resistant to both wind and water erosion.

  • The soil-binding action is not dependent on the presence of living filaments. Layers of abandoned sheaths, built up over long periods of time, can still be found clinging tenaciously to soil particles, providing cohesion and stability in sandy soils at depths up to 10cm.

  • Nitrogen fixation is another significant capability of cyanobacteria. Vascular plants are unable to utilize nitrogen as it occurs in the atmosphere.

  • Cyanobacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form plants can use. This is especially important in desert ecosystems, where nitrogen levels are low and often limiting to plant productivity. Soil crusts have other functions as well, including an ability to intercept and store water, nutrients and organic matter that might otherwise be unavailable to plants. 

​Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other molecules available to living organisms.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: are microorganisms present in the soil or in plant roots that change nitrogen gases from the atmosphere into solid nitrogen compounds that plants can use in the soil.

Nitrogen fixing bacteria: contain symbiotic bacteria called rhizobia within nodules in their root systems, producing nitrogen compounds that help the plant to grow and compete with other 
plants. When the plant dies, the fixed nitrogen is released, making it available to other plants; this helps to fertilize the soil
.


Nitrogen fixation


Picture

​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle

Endosymbiotic Theory



The 
endosymbiotic theory attempts to explain the origins of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. ... From prokaryote to eukaryote

Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria, and chloroplasts from 
cyanobacteria
​

Picture

​https://www.slideshare.net/peshaway/endosymbiosis-cyanobacteria-11348440
​

Picture

​https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-representation-of-the-secondary-endosymbiont-hypothesis-of-diatom-evolution_fig1_221769148

Share

1 Comment

2/9/2020

Geology and Ecosystems

0 Comments

Read Now
 

The rocks of an environment affect the life 


Picture

​https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588


Types of rock weathering 


Picture

https://sciencetrends.com/what-is-chemical-weathering-with-examples/
​


Phosphorous CYcle



ATp


Picture

https://www.worldofmolecules.com/life/atp.htm
​

Picture

http://what-when-how.com/molecular-biology/atp-synthase-molecular-biology/
​


How big is an atom?



Rock formation



Salt


Picture

https://www.mortonsalt.com/salt-production-and-processing/
​

El Paso Salt Wars
​
Picture
https://www.nps.gov/gumo/learn/historyculture/saltwar.htm

Share

0 Comments

2/8/2020

Ecology Concept: Reducing COmpetition

0 Comments

Read Now
 

Many animals will COLLABORATE within an ENVIRONMENT 



​Different species will coexist by eating different things or engaging in different behavior. Birds show us many examples of this.

Picture

​https://slideplayer.com/slide/4487326/

Mac Arthur's Warblers


Picture
https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/spruce-woods-warblers-revisited-60-years-later-the-cast-of-characters-has-changed/

Share

0 Comments

2/8/2020

Predator Prey Dynamics

0 Comments

Read Now
 

Human have killed many of the large predators 



​This has occurred because people want the animals that the mountain lions eat; rocky mountain and desert bighorn sheep we captured and auctioned off, while hares were used for fur coats.

Picture

​https://wildlifewaystation.org/education/coexist/living-with-predators/mountain-lions

Picture

​https://mountainlion.org/us/nm/-nm-status.php

Picture

http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Documents/Homeostasis/Lynx%20and%20Hare%20Populations.htm
​

Wolf vs Deer


Picture

https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/16656/Deer_%20Predation%20or%20Starvation%20Key.pdf
​


Ladybird and Aphid Populations


Picture

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Biology-and-Population-Dynamics-of-Giant-Ladybird-A-Majumder-Agarwala/164420a20b350e54bfe3189a2d3dd0e9b034bb0e
​


Share

0 Comments

2/3/2020

Building a Model of an ecosystem

0 Comments

Read Now
 

What are the elements of an environment?


Write down:

Three abiotic factors

Three types of living beings

Three types of bodies of water

Three features of an environment

​Three types of symbiotic relationships 
​


Map of US Aquifers


Picture

​https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquifer/map.html
​


An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials. Groundwater can be extracted using a water well.
​

Picture

​https://www.ntotank.com/blog/259-2

Picture

http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/resources/fact-sheets/groundwater-facts
​


TEXAS AND MEXICO SHARE 15 AQUIFERS. THE STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS HAVE DONE LITTLE TO UNDERSTAND THEM.

Article:
https://www.texasobserver.org/out-of-sight-out-of-water-the-u-s-and-mexico-have-only-just-begun-to-grapple-with-the-aquifers-they-share/
​


Karst Aquifers are Habitats for Salamanders and Fish


Picture

​https://www.tpr.org/post/mysterious-creatures-exploring-depths-our-karst-aquifers

Picture

​https://www.un-igrac.org/news/new-%E2%80%98world-karst-aquifer-map%E2%80%99-allow-better-global-quantification-karst-systems

Picture

https://www.americanscientist.org/article/creatures-of-the-deep-karst
​

https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/karst/kigconference/abt_karstfeatures.htm
​


​Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (Philippines)


Picture

​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park


Cenote


Picture

https://www.getyourguide.com/chichn-itz-l785/chichn-itz-full-day-cenote-valladolid-tour-t115450/

A cenote is a natural pit, or sinkhole, resulting from the collapse of limestone bedrock that exposes groundwater underneath. 
​


SOil Profile


Picture

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2015.03186.x

DIorama Build 



​https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquifer/map.html


We will make our own paint colors by mixing micas and Iron oxides



​Checking sources for ethical treatment of workers is very important.


ecology concept of the day: Reduction of Competition


Picture

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4487326/


​https://www.birds-of-north-america.net/warblers.html

​https://www.esa.org/esablog/research/population-ecology-of-some-warblers-of-northeastern-coniferous-forests-esa100-notable-papers/

Share

0 Comments

2/2/2020

What Does bioChemistry have to do with ecology?

0 Comments

Read Now
 

watersheds affect the ph of bodies of water   


The quality of the water that is available to the organisms in an ecosystem may affect nutrient availability, erosion, and cell health.
 

Chemistry in water



CHemistry in Air



Ecosystem Dynamics



​Populations of animals interact: wolves affect deer population, deer affect plant population deer also affect tick population.  Predatory birds such as owls affect rodent population and rodent population affects tick population.

​

Less deer/ less rodents means less Lyme Disease


Climate change also affects population interactions, a later start of winter can lead ticks to kill a moose, even without disease.
​


Population:
 A group of organisms of the same species living and interacting in a particular area 

Ecology: the study of the interactions between organisms, and between organisms and their non-living environment. 

Community: interacting populations of different species in a defined habitat

Ecosystem: the living organisms in an area and the nonliving components of the environment with which they interact.

Distribution pattern: the way organisms are distributed in a space. Depends on resources and interactions with other members of the population.
​
Growth Rate: the difference between the birth rate of a given population and the death rate of a given population, also known as the rate of natural increase.

Exponential Growth: the unrestricted growth of a population increasing at a constant growth rate.

Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size that a given environment or habitat can support given its food supply or other natural resources. 

Logistic Growth: A pattern of growth that starts off fast and then levels off as the population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment. ​
​


​The 
Fibonacci sequence begins with the numbers 0 and 1. ...

​0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144

Fibonacci sequence first appears in the book Liber Abaci (1202) by Leonardo of Pisa, known as Fibonacci.

​Fibonacci considers the growth of an idealized (biologically unrealistic) rabbit population, assuming that:
​
  1. a single newly born pair of rabbits (one male, one female) are put in a field;
  2. rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so that at the end of its second month a female can produce another pair of rabbits;
  3. rabbits never die and a mating pair always produces one new pair (one male, one female) every month from the second month on.
​​

Algorithms



​A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.


Population Growth Algorithm is a forecasting Algorithm that may be used for predicting the Population Growth

​​

Population Density: the number of organisms per given area. 

Density-Dependent Factor:  factor whose influence on population size and growth depends on the number and crowding of individuals in the population (for example, predation)
​ 
  • Lead to carrying capacity

Density Independent Factor: chance, a factor that can influence a population size and growth regardless of the numbers and crowding within a population (weather)

Biotic Factors: refers to the living components of an environment

  • Food is an example

Abiotic Factors: refers to nonliving components of an environment

  • such as temperature and precipitation 
​

Share

0 Comments
Details

    Author: Jazmin Gannon

    A place to grow

    Archives

    May 2021
    April 2021
    March 2021
    February 2021
    January 2021
    December 2020
    November 2020
    October 2020
    September 2020
    August 2020
    July 2020
    May 2020
    April 2020
    March 2020
    February 2020
    January 2020
    December 2019
    November 2019
    October 2019
    September 2019
    August 2019
    July 2019
    May 2019
    April 2019
    March 2019
    February 2019
    January 2019
    December 2018
    November 2018
    October 2018
    September 2018
    August 2018
    July 2015

    Categories

    All

    RSS Feed

Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates.
  • Home
  • Assignments
  • Syllabus
  • Resources