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1/31/2021

Global Warming

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We will see why the Earth is warming up


Greenhouse Effect is the normal process by which heat is radiated from the Earth's surface and trapped by gases in the atmosphere, helping to maintain the Earth at a temperature that can support life
Greenhouse gas is any of the gases in the atmosphere that  absorb heat radiated from the Earth's surface and contribute to the greenhouse effect, examples may be carbon dioxide and methane
Global Warming is an increase in the Earth's average temperature
Picture
https://climatekids.nasa.gov/greenhouse-effect/
Picture
https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

The temperature of the planet has gone up in recent times


As concentrations of Carbon Dioxide go up, the temperature goes up:
Picture
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/climate-has-changed-before.html

And so have CONCENTRATIONS of Carbon DIoxide


Picture
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide

Increased Gases are connected to rising temperatures



Warmer temperatures are CONNECTED to melting ice caps


Picture
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/sea-ice-arctic
Picture
https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/4/graphic-dramatic-glacier-melt/

As Ice melts, Sea Levels Rise and SHore land is lost


Picture
https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/coasts/graphics/projected-land-loss-sea-level-rise-coastal-louisiana

Vostok Ice Core Samples SHow the levels of CO2 over time


Picture
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-4-ecology/44-climate-change/climate-changes.html

Samples are readings of gas bubbles in ice cores


Picture
https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2616/core-questions-an-introduction-to-ice-cores/
Picture
https://icecores.org/about-ice-cores

Connection between Carbon Dioxide and Ice Ages


Picture
http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glaciers-and-climate/ice-cores/ice-core-basics/

There are areas where so much gas is trapped in the ice, it is flammable


Methane gas is naturally trapped in the ice when plants die and decompose, many microbes eat carbon and make methane gas while some bacteria eat methane,  there are also sources of methane gas that are connected to human activity such as cattle raising.  Permafrost thaws because of global warming, but without global warming it would stay frozen and keep the gas trapped.

Solutions


  • Reducing the number of cattle, eating less meat and dairy
  • Feeding cattle red seaweed, it has been shown to reduce the amount of gas that is produced by the cows
  • Biodigesters

asparagopsis taxiformis: a species of red algae that reduces methane in cow waste 
Picture
https://www.greenergrazing.org/

Mangrove trees along the coast reduce erosion


Mangroves are naturally supposed to line the coast in most parts of the world but people have torn them down to build resorts, and for shrimp farming and wood.  Letting them exist along the shore would reduce erosion and would also protect coral reef ecosystems.
Picture
https://www.britannica.com/story/amazing-mangroves
Mangroves are a carbon sink, they absorb more carbon dioxide than most plants and are part of the solution to our climate crisis. Mangroves release leaves that provide nutrients for microbes and eventually larger sea creatures.  They also store a bunch of the carbon dioxide that they absorb in their large roots, this is called carbon sequestration.
Picture
Picture
http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/mangroves-condition
Mangrove review: https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/mangrove-forest-carbon-trapping
Other Technologies that are part of the solution: ​https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/sustainable-energy
Sustainable Food Production: https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/future-of-food

Research in ANTARCTICA


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1/24/2021

Homeostasis

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balance/ Equilibrium


Living organisms maintain balance by sensing their internal and external conditions and making adjustments.
http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-2-detecting-and-respond/coordination--regulation/homeostasis.html
endotherm vs ectotherm
An ectotherm (reptile/amphibian) relies primarily on its external environment to regulate the temperature of its body. Endotherms (birds) are able to regulate their body temperatures by producing heat within the body.
https://zooatlanta.org/caring-endotherms-ectotherms/#:~:text=An%20ectotherm%20(reptile%2Famphibian),producing%20heat%20within%20the%20body.&text=ectotherms%20is%20the%20way%20that%20animal%20habitats%20are%20set%20up.

Our organs work together to help homeostasis


Hierarchy in biology: Our cells work together to form organs and organs work together to form organisms.
Tissue: and organized collection of a single type of cell type working to carry out a specific function.
Organ: a structure made up of different tissue types working together to carry out a common function.
Organ System: a set of cooperating organs within the body.
Picture
Physiology: the study of the way living organism's physical parts function
Homeostasis: the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment, even when the external environment changes.

Organs that help with homeostasis


In mammals, the main organs involved with homeostasis are:
  • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
  • the lungs.
  • the skin.
  • the muscles.
  • the kidneys.
  • the liver and pancreas.
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis
Thermoregulation: the maintenance of a relatively stable internal body temperature.
Vasoconstriction: the reduction in diameter of blood vessels which helps retain heat.
Vasodilation: the expansion in diameter of blood vessels, which helps to release heat.
Picture
Hypoxia: the state of low oxygen concentration in the blood
Acclimatization: the process of physiologically adjusting to an environmental change over a period of time. Generally reversible.

Blood SUgar Homeostasis


Glycogen: an energy storing carbohydrate found in liver and muscle.
Pancreas: an organ that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, as well as digestive enzymes
Insulin: a hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar
Glucagon: a hormone produces by the pancreas that causes an increase in blood sugar.
Hormone: a chemical signaling molecule that is released by a cell or gland and travels through the bloodstream to exert an effect on target cells.
Picture
Osmolarity: the concentration of dissolved solutes in blood and other bodily fluids
Osmoregulation: the maintenance of relatively stable volume, pressure, and solute concentration of bodily fluids, especially blood. 
Kidney: an organ involved in osmoregulation, filtration of blood to remove wastes, and production of several important hormones
Picture
Hypothalamus: the coordinator region of the brain, responsible for a variety of physiological functions.
Sensor: a specialized cell that detects specific sensory input like temperature, pressure, or solute concentration
Effector: a cell or tissue that acts to exert a response on the basis of information relayed from a sensor
Feedback loop: a pathway that involves input from a sensor, a response via an effector, and detection of the response by the sensor
Picture

Hearts in other creatures


Picture

Human organ systems


Picture
Picture

Osmosis maintains homeostasis


Picture
https://opencurriculum.org/5358/cell-transport-and-homeostasis/

Plants have many adaptations that help with homeostasis



Ways animals maintain homeostasis 


Blubber
Being able to hold your breath for 20 minutes while having fin like wings and mastering the physics of coming out of the icy water
Huddling to stay warm since heat moves from hot to cold
Changing blood circulation to hold your breath much longer while collapsing your lungs to sustain the deep water pressure
Evolving antifreeze proteins
Learning to be part of a school of fish

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1/24/2021

The Geology and Earth Systems that Sustain Biomes

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Earth Systems


  • Hydrosphere (water)
  • ​​Geosphere/ Lithospere (land)
  • Biosphere (living things)
  • Atmosphere (air)

Hydrosphere


A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air. A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hydrosphere/
Bodies of Water:
  • ​oceans
  • lakes
  • rivers
  • glaciers
  • ground water
  • polar ice caps
The water moves within a water cycle:
Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land.
Picture
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Water
About 2.1% of all of Earth's water is frozen in glaciers. 97.2% is in the oceans and inland seas 2.1% is in glaciers 0.6% is in groundwater and soil moisture less than 1% is in the atmosphere less than 1% is in lakes and rivers less than 1% is in all living plants and animals.
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/glaciers-and-icecaps?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

Geosphere


Rocks and minerals
Sediments
Picture
https://www.nps.gov/articles/coastal-sediments-material-size.htm
Mountains
Volcanoes
  • lava
  • magma
Picture
https://earthhow.com/igneous-rocks/
Tectonic Plates
Picture
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/plate-boundaries/
Soil Composition
Picture
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128092705000145

Soil Particles in a Soil Sample


Picture
http://www.plantsgalore.com/care/soil/soil-composition.htm

The Properties of the soil matters to plants and animals 



The geology of a Biome will affect the Life there



Rocks are weathered and ERODED to make soil


Physical Weathering
Biological Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Picture
https://sciencetrends.com/what-is-chemical-weathering-with-examples/

Rocks release phosphorous 



ATP is ADENOSINE TriPhosphate 


ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate, is made by mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, ATP is the currency used for cell work.  As a living being absorbs or eats phosphorous, it breaks down during digestion, and is used to assemble ATP.  We need oxygen to release ATP during the electron transport chain part of the process of ATP production. Rocks release phosphorous as they erode, it goes into plants, and then goes into the food web.
Picture
https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i21/New-role-cells-suggested-ATP.html

The Nitrogen gets there thanks to the nitrogen cycle


78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen, however, the nitrogen that we breathe in does not work for our cells to build proteins, we need to get it from our plants or creatures that ate plants. 
Nitrogen follows a cycle:
  • Nitrogen in the air falls to the soil in rain.
  • In the soil, bacteria on the roots of nitrogen fixing plants combine the nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonia, this is called nitrogen fixation.
  • Lighting also does this work
  • The ammonia is combined with oxygen by additional bacteria, this is called nitrification
  • The nitrogen is now nitrite
  • Nitrifying bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate
  • Plants can absorb nitrate, this is called assimilation
  • Some nitrate is consumed by denitrifying bacteria and they release nitrogen to the atmosphere.
  • Some nitrogen returns to the atmosphere.
  • When an animal poops or dies, nitrogen is released into the soil and back into the nitrogen cycle.

Healthy soil is full of life


Red Wiggler Worms help soil bacteria and fungi reproduce as they break down plant matter and produce fertilizer.

composting Worms


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Under the Surface


Pockets of Freshwater under the Sea
Aquifers
Natural Gas
Fossil Fuels

Ice COres can show past gas LEVELS in the atmosphere 


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1/17/2021

Review, Biomes

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Everything is made of atoms, Molecules are made of Atoms



Living Beings Coexist: Symbiosis describes how


https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/symbiosis

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are powerhouses 


https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/mitochondria-and-chloroplasts

Cells Regenerate


Living beings grow through cell division.
​
stem cells can help regenerate tissues.
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/cell-regeneration

Cell growth and cell growth require nutrients


https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/nutrients

Cells build proteins by reading genetic code


https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/dna
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/dna-replication-and-protein-synthesis

Cells build organelles and then organs


Eukaryotic cells have organelles and a nucleus while prokaryotes do not
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/parts-of-a-cell

Food Webs are NUTRIENT transport chains


The food web of the planet starts with the sea.
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/the-base-of-the-planetary-food-chain

WHat we see is influenced by the structures in our eyes


The Color Spectrum 
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/color-spectrum

DESERT Biology


https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/desert-biology

forests


Types of Forests
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/forest-biology
Forest Microbiology
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/forest-biology-microbiology
Forest Animals
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/forest-animals

Tundra Biology


https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/tundra-biology

The Dead Sea


The Dead Sea is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west. It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River. Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres below sea level, Earth's lowest elevation on land. The Dead Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water on Earth, it has 10 times more salt than ordinary seawater, 33.7 percent salt.
Picture
https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/how-much-salt-is-there-in-the-dead-sea/
The sea is called "dead" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/fountains-of-life-found-at-the-bottom-of-the-dead-sea/

Vocabulary


Important Biology Vocabulary
https://www.almadartebio.org/biology-page/vocabulary

biological dead zone


Biological dead zone are hypoxic (low oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, which causes these bodies of water to fail to support the marine life living there.

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1/16/2021

Watersheds and Biomes

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THE EARTH HAS SLOPE, GRADIENT, AND TOPOGRAPHY


In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of the line. This can be applied to the slope of the earth.​
Picture

​​https://learnzillion.com/lesson_plans/5946-find-the-slope-and-y-intercept-of-a-line/

Topography is the study of the shape and features of land surfaces. 
​

Picture

http://reynolds.asu.edu/topo_gallery/intro_title.htm
​


Watershed


Picture
https://gisgeography.com/what-is-topography/


Watershed Vocabulary


  • Watershed-area of land that drains water from higher land to lower land
  • Basin-a natural depression in the Earth’s surface, typically filled with water
  • Divide-ridge that separates two watersheds
  • Surface Water-water that is on the earth’s surface
  • Ground Water- water that collects in cracks and spaces beneath the earth’s surface
  • Non- Point Source Pollution- source of pollution that is not readily identifiable, as water runoff
  • Tributary- a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake.
  • Percolation- Rainfall seeps underground through a process called percolation, where water travels downwards through the tiny spaces between rocks and soil particles.
  • Agricultural Land- land devoted to the systematic and controlled use of other forms of life—particularly livestock and production of crops—to produce food for humans.
  • Residential Area- a land use in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas.
  • Urban run-off- a major source of flooding and water pollution in urban communities worldwide.   Water moving through cities instead of fields and natural waterways and carrying oil spills and debris.
  • Factory- a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.
  • Livestock- farm animals that are intentionally raised as an asset. 
  • Erosion- The process of moving away or being moved away by wind, water, or other natural agents.  The action of processes that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transports it to another location.

THe structures of the land create different environments



​Creatures can fill different ecological niches within a biome. 
​There will be differences in temperature, salinity, pH, and more.

An example of a creature that lives in a very specific environment that changes frequently is the axolotl in the Anahuac Valley, now Mexico City.
​
​Axolotl live in brackish (semi salty) water in Xochimilco and Lake Texcoco in Mexico City, they are very endangered.  They eat mollusks, worms, insect larvae, crustaceans, and some fish.

There are 17 different species of Axolotl, locally they are called achoque, they are salamanders. Salamanders are a type of amphibian, creatures that have an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage. 

Salamanders stay in water more but they may breathe through their skin or develop lungs. Axolotls stay in the water and don't go through metamorphosis, they develop functional lungs, but retain gills and generally use them to breathe. 

​
Picture
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/endangered-axolotls-conservation-mexico-city-chinampa/

There are restoration efforts that help protect the Axolotl.
​

Picture

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/dec/04/axolotls-in-crisis-the-fight-to-save-the-water-monster-of-mexico-city
​


They only live in one place


Their home went from being a lake, to becoming the Mexica City of Tenochtitlan in 1325, to becoming one of the biggest cities in the world after the lake was drained.  There are currently still aquifers under Mexico City and the people drink this aquifer water, so the city is sinking.
​
Picture

​https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618217301477


MEXICO CITY DURING AZTEC (Mexica) TIMES, YEARS 1324-1430


Picture
https://www.vision.org/mexico-city-lake-8602

Picture

​https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/home/water-in-valley-of-mexico
It was a tricky place to grow food: 

Lake Chalco and Lake Xochimilco to the south were freshwater lakes, lakes to the north, Tetzcoco, Xaltocan and Zumpango, were salty. 

Axolotl adapted to changing levels of salinity, when floods moved water from salty areas to freshwater areas, many plants and animals would die. There are also aquifers, underground water ways, that feed the lakes.

To overcome the problems of drinking water, Aztec (Mexica or Tenochca Mexica
) engineers built a system of dams to separate the salty waters of the lake from the rain water of the effluents.

Aztec (Mexica) communities grew food on Chinampas, strips of land that were made from the fertile soil from the bottom of the lake.  They were artificial islands.
​ 
People in this region spoke Nahuatl, it is still spoken by about 1.7 million people today. The people in this region identified as Mexica or Tenochca Mexica, not as Aztec.
​
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Texcoco

Picture
http://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/17/chinampas-artificial-islands-created-aztecs-improve-agriculture/


Spanish COnquerors drained the lakes


When Spanish Conquistadors went to what is now Mexico City, they destroyed as much of the city as they could and drained the lakes to build a new city on top of the existing city.

​This video shows us why and how the region is slowly sinking:



Aquifer


Underground water
Picture
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/aquifer-illo/

Efforts to protect Axolotl


Picture
​https://www.journeymexico.com/itinerary/axolotls-and-chinampas-in-xochimilco

This conservation effort involves making cough syrup with them :(, you win some, you lose some.  Axolotls are very important in medicine, we will learn more about that soon.


Eutrophication



​Another threat to rivers and lakes is eutrophication, when fertilizers are washed off the land and into the bodies of water.

​When there are too many nutrients in a lake or other body of water, generally because of runoff from the land.  Excess nutrients cause a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
​

The area where the axolotl lives is their habitat, the habitat is part of a biome



A biome includes many habitats and many ecosystems.

A biome may be an ocean, grassland, a forest, a tundra, rainforest, desert.

The Marine Biome covers about 70% of the Earth's surface and is home to more than 230 thousand known species.  Marine plants provide over half of the oxygen on Earth.  There are separate biomes within the ocean based on depth, temperature, and biodiversity.  A coral reef is a biome. Within the coral reef there are different habitats and niches.

Rivers streams, ponds and lakes, and wetlands are fresh water biomes.

Polar regions have tundras, there are less plants, animals need to get food from the ocean or hunt other creatures.

Forests may be full of evergreen trees in colder areas.

Tropical Rainforests get more moisture and humidity, they are close to the equator and are warm, full of life. Important producers of oxygen and many medicinal plants have been discovered there.

A savannah or grassland has low growing plants like grass and flowers.

​Deserts are dry, may be hot or cold, very little rain, may drop to below freezing at night and be very hot during the day.  Have cacti, grasses, shrubs, some trees.



People are reflecting on the lack of regard for the environment and are speaking up


Greta Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist who is internationally known for challenging world leaders to take immediate action against climate change.

​S
he was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome/ Autism, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and selective mutism.

​In one of her first speeches demanding climate action, Thunberg described the 
selective mutism
 aspect of her condition as meaning she "only speaks when necessary." She is now 18 years old.

​
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Thunberg

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1/2/2021

Population Ecology

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Ecology Introduction


This week we are learning about how animals and plants interact with each other and survive in their environment.  This part of biology is known as population ecology.
 The study of ecology includes: 

Types of migrations, genetic exchange, and forms of symbiosis population distribution patterns, food chains, population growth pattern, why we need pollinators, and how species spread.
An ecosystem involves all living and non-living components in an area, how energy flows and matter cycles through an environment.

Ecology VOcabulary


Atmosphere: this includes the wind speed and direction, humidity, light intensity and quality, precipitation and temperature.​
Biotic Factors: These are all the living organisms in the environment, including their interactions.
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Microorganisms (bacteria)
  • Fungi
  • Protists (algae and protozoans) ​
Abiotic factors: elements that are not alive: soil, rocks, mountains, rain, clouds
Soil:
  • Nutrient availability
  • Soil moisture & pH
  • Composition
  • Temperature â€‹â€‹â€‹
Water:
  • Has dissolved nutrients
  • Has a pH and salinity
  • Contains dissolved oxygen
  • Temperature varies​
Living organisms interact with each other in their habitat, they influence matter by walking around and moving things around.
Habitat: the natural environment in which a creature lives including the biotic and abiotic factors.
Each organism occupies a niche, an ecological niche of an organism is their function in the ecosystem: where they live, what organisms they interact with, how they respond t changes in the health of the environment. 
Tolerance rage: each species has a tolerance range, this is their comfort zone, at what point they move to another environment.
Picture

​https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/3795-how-the-distribution-of-a-species-is-affected-by-limiting-factors


What is pH and why does it matter?


The term pH refers to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, it stands for potential hydrogen.

Substance that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are acids.

The more hydrogen ions they release the more acidic they are.

Substances that release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water are bases.

Alkalinity increases with the concentration of hydroxyl ions.

Each pH unit represents a 10-fold change in concentration
.

Picture

https://kingsbayrestorationproject.com/nitrates-and-ph-in-water-quality/



Contaminants CONTRIBUTE to Acid Rain


Acid rain: rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with atmospheric water to form acids. -Oxford
Picture
https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain

Normal, clean rain has a pH value of between 5.0 and 5.5, which is slightly acidic. When rain combines with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides produced from power plants and automobiles the rain becomes much more acidic. Typical acid rain has a pH value of 4.0.

Picture

​https://www3.epa.gov/acidrain/education/site_students/phscale.html



ph and Environmentalism


  • In general, fish reproduction is affected at pH levels below 5.0
  • Fish begin to die when pH falls below 4.0 
  • A pH change of 1 means a ten fold change in the ions.
  • pH 9 is ten times more basic than pH 8
  • pH stands for potential of hydrogen, a measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
  • 7 is neutral
  • 1 to 6 are acids, 8 to 14 are bases​

Acids


Acids are substance that break apart in water to form a hydrogen ion.
  • Have a pH that is less than 7, smaller number means more acidic
  • React with metals and carbonates
  • Release Hydrogen ions (these are created when Hydrogen loses an electron so it has a positive charge)
  • Have a sour taste
  • React with bases to form water and salt​​​
Everyday Acids
  • Tea
  • Vinegar
  • Citrus foods  
Acids react with carbonates to give off carbon dioxide

Bases


  • Bases are substances that break down in water and form hydroxide ions (OH-).
  • ​The greater the concentration of OH- ions the stronger the base is.​
  • Have a pH from 8 to 14
  • pH 9 is ten times more basic than pH 8​​​​
Bases
  • Release hydroxide ions (negatively charged ions made of one hydrogen bonded to one oxygen). 
  • feel slippery
  • bitter taste
  • react with acids to form water and salt​
Everyday examples:
  • Baking soda
  • Bleach 
  • Soap
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Interesting ph facts


​Some plants tell us the pH of their soil by expressing different colors of flowers. 
  • For true blue flowers, the hydrangeas need to be grown in acidic soil (pH 5.5 and lower).
  • For pink flowers, the plants need neutral to alkaline soils (pH 6.5 and higher). â€‹
  • For purple blooms (or a mix of blue and pink flowers on the same plant), the pH of the soil must be 5.5 and pH 6.5
Picture

​https://www.espoma.com/learn-grow/gardening-projects/hydrangeas-true-blue-or-tickled-pink/

Venom is Acidic
A sting from a bee may be painful for many reasons, pH of bee venom is 5.0-5.5

Formic acid in ants has a pH of 2 to 3
The pH of a river is not the same as the pH of the rain

When it rains or we use water for irrigation, water goes downhill, down the gradient of the earth
 
There is a connection between the water that moves across land and the pH of bodies of water such as lakes, rives, ponds, and the sea​
Water moves through a watershed, the way the surface water drains down from ridges to basins. 

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    Author: Jazmin Gannon

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