WHat proteins are made through DNA Translation?How can DNA actually code for a trait? Translated proteins are encapsulated in vesicles in the endoplasmic reticulum, they are transported out of the cell and into the tissues where they are needed. Different Amino Acids code for Different TraitsKeratin is in many structuresHair, Feather, Nails, Hooves, Scales, Feathers... a main amino acid is cysteine which has sulphur, what we smell when hair burns. Most insects have a protein called chitin Did dinosaurs adapt and become dinosaurs? Sea Lion Whiskers are made of keratin, they also have more hemoglobin to go deep sea diving and very flexible bones and cartilage for deep sea pressure. Proteins that carry and store oxygenHemoglobin Oxygen transport, in red blood cells, made of four peptide/ amino acid chains, some of the amino acids are Leucine, methionine, lysine, tryptophane, and tyrosine. There are approximately 3 million hemoglobin molecules in just one red blood cell. Myoglobin Oxygen storage, in muscles and heart muscles, one poly peptide chain 153 amino acids long Watch the first few min of this: Proteins that Help flying Creatures GlowPhotoproteins help animals glow. Luciferase photoprotein produced by dinoflagellates, red algae Proteins that keep fish from freezingNotothetinoid a type of fish that produces Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), these proteins contain 37 amino acids  There are different types of AntiFreeze Proteins and other things that help living beings prevent freezing such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in cyanobacteria. Glowing Ocean BeingsGreen Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in sea creatures composed of 238 amino acid residues  Proteins that help birds see magnetic fieldsMagnetoreception may be connected to cryptochrome proteins, Cry1, Cry2, Cry4, or magnetite within the animal, Cry1 has 586 amino acids
Proteins that help scavengers eatAntibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, blood proteins. Digestive Enzymes are Proteins. Proteins are part of snake venomProteins constitute 90-95% of venom's dry weight and they are responsible for almost all of its biological effects. Male and juvenile female platypi possess spurs on each hind leg that are connected to paired venom glands, platypus venom contains 19 different peptide fractions. Antibodies are ProteinsAn antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses Genes are replicated as cells Multiply
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Cells at WorkDNA is made of nucleic acids or base pairs that are coiled up into chromosomes that live in the nucleus of the cell. DNA replicates to make more cells and codes for proteins. Both DNA replication and transcription involve the generation of a new copy of the DNA in a cell. DNA transcription replicates the DNA into RNA DNA replication makes another copy of DNA.   DNA Replication and transcription happen inside the nucleus while translation happens outside  mRNA: messenger RNA, single strand, leaves the nucleus to make proteins tRNA: transfer RNA, helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein by releasing an amino acid Ribosomes: float in the cytoplasm, help assemble proteins by matching mRNA and tRNA
5' to 3' There is a 5 Prime and a 3 Prime  Histones Histones are proteins that help organize DNA into coils  Electron Microscope ImagesMicroscopyThe microscopes we have in class  DNA StructureDNA is too small to see with our class microscopes  WHo discovered it? Scanning Electron Microscope
VocabularyDNA: is the molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA exists in the nuclei of most cells, DNA molecules are organized into structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes consist of a single long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. If a single DNA molecule were stretched out it would be 1 to 3 meters long Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA Each has a sugar, a phosphate, and a base, one of four bases Bases: A, T, C, and G Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Uracil in RNA (U) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) The sequence is unique in each person Double helix: the spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together Hydrogen bonds: or base pairing hold the strands together Polymer: made up of building block molecules. Biopolymers made of monomers Genetic Code: the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells. DNA Profile: a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence Genome: one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism. Amino acids: The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 different amino acids All amino acids have the same basic core structure but each also has a unique chemical side group. They bind together in linear chain, peptide chain. Protein: A macromolecule made up of repeating sub-units known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein. Proteins play critical roles in organisms. Gene: a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein Gene expression: the process of using DNA instructions to make proteins Phenotype: the physical attributes of an organism including observable and internal, non observable traits Alleles: alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences Regulatory sequence: the part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of a protein produced Coding Sequence: part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, identity, shape, and function of proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA): RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription Transcription: Transcription is the first step of DNA based gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Translation: the second stage of gene expression. Translation 'reads' mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make proteins. RNA Polymerase: the enzyme that accomplishes transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand or RNA, Ribosome: the cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation. checks for a matching codon and anticodon. Codon: a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid Anti-codon: the complementary side on tRNA that leads to release of an aminoacid Anticodon=tRNA, Codon=mRNA Peptide: a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain How DNA Makes ProteinHow Art Helps us See BiologyEnergy Transfer within a Trophic SYstemThis week is for review since we have been taking about energy transfer and trophic cycles. Etymology of the word trophic: late 19th century: from Greek trophikos, from trophē ‘nourishment’, from trephein ‘nourish’. trophic means to nourish Eating gives us energyIf we eat too much then we store the energy and gain weight. In the United States, 36.5 percent of adults are obese. Another 32.5 percent of American adults are overweight calories in/ Calories out
So if you eat a burger it take an hour of high energy exercise to burn the calories, otherwise you will store some of the energy A full meal is over 1,000 calories. A McDonald's meal with a shake has 1,680 calories and 74 grams of fat Vocabularycalorie: the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius CALORIE 1,000 calories or kilocalorie (Kcal); a capital C in Calorie means "kilocalorie", the Calorie is what we see in food labels Carbohydrates give us caloriesWe need some, in moderation The Glycemic Index (GI) is a relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels. Carbohydrates with a low GI value (55 or less) are more slowly digested, absorbed and metabolised and cause a lower and slower rise in blood glucose and, therefore usually, insulin levels.  Food that we eat gets broken down into subunits Glycogen a complex animal carbohydrate, made up of liked chains of glucose molecules, that store energy for short-term use Triglyceride a type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long term use  Energy is extracted from food by mitochondriaThe process is called aerobic respiration Aerobic Respiration A series of reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen and converts energy stored in food into ATP  There are many parts to the process: Glycolysis a series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units; glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and is the first step of both aerobic respiration and fermentation. Citric Acid Cycle a set of reactions that takes place in mitochondria and helps extract energy (in the form of high-energy electrons) from food; the second step in aerobic respiration Electron Transport Chain a process that takes place in mitochondria and produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration; the third step in aerobic respiration Oxidative Phosphorylation a process involving a flow of electrons through the electron transport chain  Mitochondria Where ATP is made, membrane bound organelles in the cell that float around the cell, they have their own DNA, they produce ATP using sugar and oxygen and our cells can use that ATP for cell work. Each step in the process of building a protein takes energy, the energy is called ATP. ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), forming it from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). ATP Adenosine Triphosphate The molecule that cells use to power energy-requiring functions, the cells "currency"  Fermentation a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the absence of oxygen and converts some of the energy stored in food into ATP. Fermentation produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration. Micro organism taxonomyEach living organism that is studied by scientists is given a species name and is placed into a phylogenetic tree. It is estimated that only about 15% of species have been studied, may of them cannot be seen by people.  Each organism is classified by domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species The domains are Archaea: Very ancient microscopic beings that we will study soon Bacteria: Prokaryotes Eukarya: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists  WHat are some of the microorganisms that exist?Protozoans: unicellular eukaryotes Eukaryotes Stentors are Eukaryotes Diatoms are Eukaryotes and also Protists Protist: is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant or fungus. Diatoms are Phytoplankton, single-celled, have a cell wall of silica. Diatoms are mainly photosynthetic autotophs; a few are heterotrophs and can live in the absence of light as long as an appropriate organic carbon source is available. Autotrophs: plants are autotrophs, they capture energy from the sunlight through photosynthesis
PhytoplanktonPlankton is the base of the global food chain, The trillions of microorganisms absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. This community provides food for the ocean. Scientist study diatoms to study climate change Micro Universe Behavior cyanobacteriaCyanobateria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria, some of which are nitrogen-fixing, they live in a wide variety of moist soils and in water. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. Stromatolites (“layered rocks”) are rocky structures made by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, some are 3.5 billion years old.  Cyanobacteria, Diatoms and other plankton are eatenPlankton The word “plankton” comes from the Greek for “drifter” or “wanderer.” An organism is considered plankton if it is carried by tides and currents, and cannot swim well enough to move against these forces. Some plankton drift this way for their entire life cycle. Others are only classified as plankton when they are young, but they eventually grow large enough to swim against the currents. Phytoplankton is photosynthetic and autotrophic while zooplankton is a heterotrophic animal. Fossil Fuels for Gasoline Come from PlanktonEnergy is needed for movementEnergy is the capacity to do work, cellular work includes building complex molecules and moving substances in and out of the cell. Chemical Energy: potential energy stored in the bonds of biological molecules (Food) Potential Energy: stored energy (Food) Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion or movement, (muscle movement, digestion breaks down food and releases energy) Heat: the kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or atoms (transfer of energy from food to muscle to environment  Some organisms get energy from the sun and the air while some get it from foodAutotroph: plants are autotrophs, they capture energy from sunlight through photosynthesis
Heterotroph: eats other beings: animals, insects Photosynthesis: the process by which plants and other autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to make energy rich molecules using carbon dioxide and water Plants take sunlight and make sugars, glucose sugar is chemical energy. Carbon Fixation: the conversion of inorganic carbon CO2 into organic forms, sugars The sugar glucose goes to:
 Chloroplast: the organelle in the plant cell where photosynthesis occurs Chlorophyll: The pigment present in the green parts of plants that absorbs photons of light energy during photosynthesis   LightSunlight has Photons: packets of light energy, each with a specific wavelength and quantity of energy A photon is both a wave and a particle Light Energy: the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation  Photosynthesis:
ATP, Adenosinetriphosphate: The molecules that cells use to power energy-requiring functions  Energy moves around in a trophic cycleTrophic Cycle: A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Trophic Cascade: When something that a large predator does affects the rest of the food chain. An ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators and involving reciprocal changes in the relative populations of predator and prey through a food chain, which often results in dramatic changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling. Algae are part of the food chain in salt and freshwaterA simple, typically aquatic plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms. Algae used to be considered protists but are now considered eukaryotes. Cyanobacteria, diatoms, algae, and millions of species live together in what we call plankton. Algae might be the next source of fuelNMSU is making algae jet fuel Fuel is part of energy transfer  Endosymbiotic Theory Symbiosis interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear. Bonus infoNon-Biological Nano Bots We use nutrients to produce cellsWe use cells to build tissues and organs, and self repair   Macro and micronutrients in our foodNutrients Components in food that the body needs to grow, develop, and repair itself Macronutrients proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, nutrients that living beings need to maintain health.  Carbohydrates the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) a carbohydrate made up of many simple sugars linked together, a polymer of monosaccharides, examples are starch and glycogen Simple sugar (monosaccharide) A carbohydrate made of a single sugar subunit, and example is glucose Glycogen A complex animal carbohydrate made up of linked chains of glucose molecules, a source of stored energy Starch A complex plant carbohydrate made up of linked chains of glucose molecules; a source of stored energy Fiber A complex plant carbohydrate that is not digestible by humans  Micronutrients Micronutrients are nutrients including vitamins and minerals that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health. Mineral an inorganic chemical element required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance. Examples are calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc  Vitamin an organic molecule required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance  Essential Nutrients a substance that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food, certain amino acids, fatty acid, vitamins and minerals.  Essential Amino Acids eight amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must obtain from food  Nutrients build and repair tissuesNutrients are used to replace and maintain the cells that do the work of tissue repair IllnessOsteoporosis A disease characterized by thinning bones  Diabetes A disease that is characterized by abnormally high blood-sugar levels  Insulin a hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar Breaking foods downEnzyme a protein that speeds up the rate of a metabolic reaction Cofactor an inorganic substance such as a metal-ion that is required to activate an enzyme Coenzyme a small organic molecule, such as a vitamin, required to activate the enzyme Activation Energy the energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed, enzymes accelerate reaction by reducing the activation energy Substrate a compound or molecule that an enzyme binds to and on to which it acts Active Site the part of the enzyme that binds to substrates Catabolic Reaction any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into more simple molecules Anabolic Reaction any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more complex molecules  Metabolism all biochemical reactions occurring in an organism including reactions that break down food molecules and reactions that build new structures EnergyFood has calories that fuel energy   Energy is the ability to do work including the building of complex molecules. Cells turn energy from food into ATP: AdenosineTriPhosphate ATP is like money in the cell world Where does ATP come from?To produce ATP we need oxygen and the help of mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, oxygen comes from plants and other producers, we help producer when we breathe out carbon dioxide  Aerobic respiration is the process of using oxygen to produce ATP in mitochondria   Oxidative Phosphorylation a process involving a flow of electrons through the electron transport chain Mitochondria membrane bound organelles in the cell that float around the cell, they have their own DNA, they produce ATP using sugar and oxygen and our cells can use that ATP for cell work. Each step in the process of building a protein takes energy, the energy is called ATP. What about excess calories?  Work Inside the Cell Requires EnergyHow the images are made Cell Biology, more in depthEssential Questions: What is a cell ? What are some of the types of cells? What are cells made of and what are the various parts of cells? How do cells work and what are some possible cell jobs? CarbonCarbon is an atom from the periodic table of elements that is found in organic molecules, it can bond with many atoms at the same time and forms chains that create bigger molecules. Atoms have neutrons, protons and electrons: Protons are positively charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom Neutrons are electrically uncharged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, neutrons are neutral Nucleus is the center Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles, they are smaller than other subatomic particles and exist in a cloud around the nucleus of an atom in, valence shells, they orbit the nucleus Valence shells are orbits around the nucleus, they can hold a certain number of electrons and the spaces for electrons fill from the inside out. By looking at how many protons, neutrons, and electrons there are in an atom we can draw Bohr Diagrams. In the diagram below you can see how many electrons can be held in each valence shell:  Noble gases such as helium and neon have no ability to bond with anything, every spot where a bond could exist is taken up.  Carbon has space for four bonds because the outer valence shell can have eight electrons and carbon has four outer electrons, Neon on the other hand, is all full. Helium has two outer electrons on a valance shell that can hold two electrons, it cannot bond with anything. Hydrogen on the other hand, has one electron and can bond with one thing, without this, H2O, water, would not be possible and there would be no life as we know it. Carbon and hydrogen form covalent bonds, this means that they share electrons and fill their available spaces  In an ionic bond there is an electrochemical attraction between atoms of opposite charges and one atom gives away their electrons, those bonds are stronger and are found in metals. Many of the foods we eat form ionic bonds, there are alkaline earth metals that we need for proper nutrition, examples are: calcium, sodium, magnesium...  We need salt, just not too much, salt is sodium chloride and has an ionic bond:  Sodium, from salt, is Na on the periodic table of elements, it is an alkali metal, the elements are organized into element families and groups and periods based on their properties  Carbon based macroMoleculesLet's look at some macromolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids Lipids they contain hydrocarbons, chains of hydrogen and carbon: generally repel water  We need lipids to form phospholipids:   Phospholipids are in the cell membrane of cells:  Cells have a cell membrane to keep contents safe  Carbohydrates: an organic molecule that is made up of one or more sugars one carb sugars are monosaccharides multiple linked saccharides are polysaccharides Polysaccharides  Monosaccharides  Proteins and organic molecule made up of linked amino acid subunits, contain nitrogen  Proteins are a combination of 21 amino acids, DNA has a code for what amino acids to link and in what order 
There are primary, secondary tertiary, and quaternary structures:   Nucleic Acids organic molecules made up of linked nucleotide subunits DNA and RNA are Examples of nucleic acids  Inside the cellCell Contents are Organelles tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell  Cell OrganellesClick on the organelles to learn more: Cell Nucleus The cell nucleus has chromosomes, they are bundles of DNA  Types of cellsProkaryotic cells cells that have no internal membranes, no organelles bacteria Eukaryotic cells cells with membrane bound organelles and a nucleus plants, animals, fungi Plant cellsPlant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts that photosynthesize SIngle cell beingsMany living beings are multicellular, here are some single cell beings: Diatoms, single cell eukaryotes: they look like glass  Amoeba they are protozoans single celled eukaryotes  Bacteria single-cell prokaryotes  Molds Fungi, there are single and multicellular eukaryotic cells  Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes How PENICILLIN was discoveredGram POSITIVE vs gram negative bacteria Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate between two groups of bacteria based on cell wall composition
 Penicillin targets the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. Some antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors, they inhibit prokaryotic ribosomes in the bacteria Ribosomes are needed to produce proteins Weekly AssignmentsHello, Written expression is very important, this is why I ask that you please write at least three complete sentences for each of the questions that I send with my emails. Every week I will be sending three questions that help you reflect on the content of the web site post for the week. Please take this as an opportunity to connect biology to what you already know, what you are learning in other classes, and what you see in your everyday life. I will be providing feedback and inviting you to have a discussion about what we are learning for the week. I might also make some suggestions that may help you with your writing skills. Strong writers sound eloquent and prepared, you all have wonderful ideas and thoughts, I want to help you be able to get your message out and show how much you know and can contribute to this world. We are all learning and growing together, being open to feedback is a great way to find our areas of growth. Below are the rubrics that I use to grade your work: Complete sentences are essential How your responses will be graded Examples of strong ResponsesThe color spectrum is a spectrum of colors visible to the human eye. We can see different colors through a process called refraction. Everyone sees colors differently making the rainbow unique to you. The five characteristics of life are response to stimuli, ability to reproduce, consumption of energy, maintaining homeostasis, and the ability to grow. Living organisms grow due to cell division. The Mars rover looks for signs of life by analyzing what it finds and looking for signs of gas exchange. The data collected by this robot is sent to NASA here on earth. There are more opportunities now than ever before to become an astronaut and I hope to visit space during my lifetime. DNA is in cells and is shaped like a double helix, this reminds me of a ladder that has been twisted to form a spiral. DNA is made up of nucleotides, there are four types of nucleotides in DNA, the names of the nucleotides are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. DNA contains instructions that tell cells how to build structures such as proteins. The main macromolecules in biology are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleotides. Macromolecules are mainly made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, some have phosphorous and sulfur. We use macromolecules in our daily life; carbs and proteins are found in food, lipids are in fats and we have DNA in our cells. The Plan for the year in BiologyWhat is science? Color spectrum and symmetry , August 3 to August 7 Chapter 1 Process of science, what biology is, why we explore our world and why it is healthy to question everything including science itself. What is life made up of? Macromolecules. DNA, what is it? August 10 to August 14 Chapter 2 Chemistry and molecules of life: what do we consider “life”, elements that make up living organisms, how elements bond to organize and become part of living beings How do cells work? More on DNA, Parts of a cell, August 17 to August 21 Chapter 3 Cell Function and Structure: What a cell is, what cells are made of, parts of cells, how cells work, types of transport Nutrition, metabolism, Enzymes, August 24 to August 28 Chapter 4 What there is in the food we eat, types of nutrients, enzyme reactions. Microorganisms, Energy Transfer, August 31 to September 4 Chapter 5 Algae, cyanobacteria, types of fuel and how energy is transferred September 7 : off Food Chains, Dietary Energy and Cellular Respiration, September 8 to September 11 Chapter 6 Our culture of eating, nutrition issues, food webs, what is cellular respiration DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis, September 14 to September 18 Chapter 7 DNA Structure and Replication: what is DNA and how does it multiply How genes are expressed into proteins, September 21 to September 25 Chapter 8 Genes to proteins and Amino Acids, tissue formation using cells Energy transfer for cell division and uses of plants, September 28 to October 2 Chapter 9 and 10 Cell Division and Mitosis: Chromosomes, cell division School Break: October 7 to October 16 The Study of genetics, human and animal genetics, October 19 to October 23 Chapter 11 & 12 Gregory Mendel’s research on genetics, what is a Punnett Square and how do we use it? Natural selection and adaptation: insects and plants adapting to chemicals, how organisms find ways to survive. Technologies in Biology: Stem Cell Research, October 26 to October 30 Chapter 13, 14 What are some good and bad things within biology research? We are learning how to regrow tissues and replace organs and are also learning that some bacteria are becoming superbugs. Examples of Adaptations, Ancient Archaea, November 2 to November 6 Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18 Evolution, How Fossils are Dated, Evidence of Adaptation, how species move around the world Eukaryotic Evolution, Diversity, November 16 to November 20 Chapter 19, 20 Ancient fossils give us clues of what types of animals there were in the part and where they are now. November 23 to November 27: Break Types of migrations, genetic exchange, what is symbiosis? November 30 to December 4 Chapter 21, 22 Population Ecology: population distribution patterns, food chain, how ecosystems work Fibonacci sequence and how it applies to population growth. Community Ecology: animal societies, why we need pollinators, symbiosis, competition Global cycles, global climate change. December 7 to December 11 Chapter 23 Biomes and what parts of the world they are found in, types of climate, rainfall, water cycles, carbon cycle, temperature, ways to reduce climate change, environmental impact. Ecosystem Ecology: how rising temperatures affect populations, the Carbon Cycle Environmental systems and how they work together What can we do to help? December 14 to December 18 Chapter 24 Sustainability: thinking of the future, ways to reduce waste, energy sources that we could use. Group project: Teach us about an alternative energy source or material (bioplastic). December 21 to January 6 Break January 7 to January 15 Types of biomes and who lives there, and how: Desert, Tundra, Ocean, Arctic January 18 Break January 19 to January 22: Review Homeostasis and Anatomy, endotherm vs ectotherm, osmosis January 25 to January 29 Chapter 25 How many species adapt and stay cool or warm, how we maintain balance within our system. Digestion, nutrient absorption, active and passive transport, February 1 to February 5 Chapter 26, 27 How do particles move within cells? functions of digestive organs, absorption, obesity. Nervous system anatomy, nerve function, how drugs affect nerves, December. Coral Reef and Mangrove ecosystems, Reconnect and Review, February 8 to February 12 February 15 Off Ocean Life and the Connection to Land, Continents, February 16 to February 19 Examples of ecosystems and biolife interactions, February 22 to February 25 Watersheds and PH, Case Study March 1 to March 5 Reproductive Systems, March 8 to March 12 Chapter 28 How organisms work, cell membrane, sodium potassium pump, March 15 to March 19 Chapter 29 Write a paper on a biology topic that you select. Spring Break: March 22 to April 2 Body Systems: Digestive system,Circulatory system, Nervous system: April 5 to April 9 Skeletal and muscle system: April 12 to 16 Year long review: April 19 to April 23 Peer Review Paper: April 26 to April 30 Looking and test questions and graphs: May 3 to 7 Discussion on how learning biology can improve the world: May 10 to May 14 Exam: May 17 to May 21 College preparedness, how classes are scheduled, how to buy books: May 24 to May 28 Science is based on observationsA scientific community is made up of a group of people that study science, they usually work for universities, organizations, and private sector companies, scientists share their observations to compare notes. Scientists keep track of things like: Climate patterns, how many animals are in a habitat, habitat destruction, whether or not the same disease is in various parts of the world, whether or not something is alive, and much more. How to know if SOMETHING is alive?Sometimes it is not so clear, NASA has been working on missions to Mars for decades to see if there is life on Mars. The first spacecraft to land in Mars was Viking Lander 1, this happened July 20,1976. ​ 
What are signs of life?The robots that have been sent to Mars to look for signs of life have arms that collect samples of possible signs of life. Here are the five functional traits of living beings: Growth: Living beings grow through cell division, single celled organisms grow in cell size. Reproduction: Living beings produce new organisms by having the organs needed to reproduce, they usually produce genetically similar organisms that are not completely identical. Homeostasis: The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. Living organisms maintain a balanced temperature, ph, sugar and salt level, and water balance, we have many organs that help us maintain homeostasis. Sense and respond to stimuli: Living organisms move in response to what is happening, they might move away from the sun or towards the sun, they might move towards a food source or away from a predator. Obtain and use energy: Living beings consume food, or sunlight in the case of plants. They process the energy through metabolism where chemical reactions turn the energy into a usable form. Living being consume energy to power their daily activities. ​ PROCESS of ScienceScientists work in teams to analyze the samples that are collected by the missions to Mars: ​ A lot of the data analysis happens right there in Mars, a machine checks samples to see if there is oxygen or carbon dioxide (what we breathe out), the information is sent to NASA for analysis. This is how we learn what elements are in the soil, an element is a chemically pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down, each element is made of a single type of atom, an atom is the smallest unit of an element. The elements are organized in the periodic table
How small is an atom?Nasa COntinues to look for life on marsLooking for the molecules of lifeA molecule is a group of Atoms that are bonded togetherThe main elements in biological molecules: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulphur Carbohydrates: made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Are the main source of food, sugars, starches mon-one poly-many There are monosaccharides and polysaccharides Lipids: made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulphur Are fats, they are hydrophobic which means they repel water Proteins: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulphur Are in all living organisms, they are made of chains of amino acids, there are 21 amino acids Nucleic acids: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Store and transmit genetic information, they are in DNA and RNA
Lipids
​ Chemical BondsHere are some examples of atoms bonding and forming molecules ​
Carbon forms covalent bonds, this involves sharing of electron pairs between atoms, carbon has four electrons that can form bonds so it can form multiple covalent bonds and be part of large molecules. Macromolecules are large molecules: ​carbohydrates, lipid, proteins, and nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids​Nucleic acids are made of nucleotide subunits that are linked RNA and DNA are nucleic acids The nucleotide subunits are ATCG: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine, RNA has Uracil while DNA does not 
​DNA is a double helix while RNA is a single strand These structures contain instructions to build proteins and molecules that make up living organisms Now we can see DNA with an electron microscope ​ We will be online for the first 9 weeksEssential Questions: What is reality? How do we sense and what is it that we sense? What is the color spectrum? What are sound waves? Welcome to biology class, we begin August 3, 2020. I am Mrs. Morriss and am very thankful that you have joined us. In biology we reflect on what life is and how living beings move and adapt, there are many ways to reflect on life, here we will focus on cells, tissues, and the tiny building blocks that make everything that we see. The periodic table of elements shows us a list of building blocks that bond with each other and build structures, most of what we see is carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, all dancing together and forming visible forms. There are many other elements involved too. Take a look at the periodic table below to see what elements are essential for humans.  What is reality?In biology and chemistry we answer this question by saying that reality is composed of building blocks, we call the building blocks elements, the elements are attracted to each other through energetic forces, they transfer energy and form bonds that help them build structures. The energy that animates living beings is still being studied. Everything we see is elements that are transferring energy. This is true of living and non living things such as rocks, they hold and release energy as they heat up during the day and cool down at night. Rocks are made of building blocks (elements) from the periodic table that have formed bonds, sometimes those bonds break and the rocks will turn into smaller rocks, even sand. Rocks and people share many similarities, but what makes us different? Well, movement, response to stimuli, ability to reproduce, grow, and ability to adapt to change, living beings are constantly adapting to change, they don't just sit there, they take action. Biology is the study of what actions are taken, and how, and why. Please take a look at the 2 minute video below, it is produced by CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research (French: Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire), a place for particle research. The video zooms in from large to small, from meter to decimeter to centimeter to millimeter to micrometer to nanometer to picometer to femtometre, there is far more than meets the eye: How do we sense and what is it that we sense?We have five senses, many people would say that we have more, we receive information through our ears, nose, tongue, eyes, and skin.. We sense chemicals and vibrations and interpret them as tastes and colors or sounds. We have sensory receptors that detect changes in the environment: Mecanoreceptors for movement Chemoreceptors for taste and smell Thermoreceptors for heat Photoreceptors for light In biology we learn how messages from the outside world come into the organism and motivate a response such as movement. Rods and cones in eyes What is the color spectrum?We can see 1% of the electromagnetic spectrum, each color has a frequency, a frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. In this case, frequency means how many times a wave goes up and down, more ups and downs means higher frequency which in sound means a higher pitch sound or a violet color. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) There is a color that corresponds to each sound.    Sunlight has all the colorsWhite light bends and fans out into many colors, many frequencies Plants are green because they absorb blue and red light from the sun and reflect green lightWhat are sound waves?A sound is a wave that we perceive with our ears, human ears can perceive frequencies from 20Hz to 20 thousand Hz Sound affects shape, this is the study of cymatics Think of ways that sound affects the shape and behavior of living beings How do the sounds these animals make affect their reality and the reality of the organisms around them? Discussion question: How has nature benefitted from less human activity during COVID? Significant drops in pollution have been seen in just months of less driving. Why is the sky Blue?And what about sunsets? |
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